IT Hardware

New Dell Laptops For 2011 – Latest XPS Range A Start

2011-02-15T08:50:00.000-08:00

There is a new range of Dell XPS laptops that have just been released, and these will see us nicely into 2011. It is hard to know what market will be the most popular next year, but Dell is betting that this high-end media-featured notebook will be able to take the fight to rivals HP and Apple.
The new Dell XPS range has a higher class of finish than that of the Studio and Adamo range, along with a few hardware tweaks here and there. Prices start from $899 for the 14-inch, $849 for the 15-inch and $949 for the 17-inch.
Crave has been looking at the hardware to see what you will get for your money, and you will be impressed. The basic configuration gives you an Intel Core i5 460M CPU, 4GB of RAM, 500GB hard Drive – needs to be SSD -, and an Nvidia GeForce 420M Graphics card.
As with all Dell computers, there are a number of upgrade options. First decide what your needs are before you start to add a few dollars onto the standard price. Do you think that the new range of Dell XPS laptops will sell well in the first part of 2011 – especially with the wave of new tablets that is about to hit the market?

Case Study: Dell.com
By James Maguire
March 3, 2003

Since its launch in the mid '90s, Dell's e-commerce business has been a poster child for the benefits of online sales, says Aberdeen Group analyst Kent Allen. The company's strategy of selling over the Internet -- with no retail outlets and no middleman -- has been as discussed, admired and imitated as any e-commerce model. Dell's online sales channel has proven so successful, says Allen that the computer industry must ask: "Does the consumer need to go to the store to buy a PC anymore?"
Regardless of the company's past success, Dell is affected by two current trends in e-commerce, says Forrester analyst Carrie Johnson. And only one of these trends works in the PC giant's favor.
The early adopters were always comfortable buying PCs online, she notes, but the general public has taken a while to catch up. "What we know about how consumers buy online is that they start with low-ticket, low-risk goods like books, and they eventually begin to trust the Internet more and graduate to higher end products like PCs and travel."
At this point, "Enough consumers have been shopping online for three or more years that they trust the Internet to buy almost anything," Johnson says. "Which is why you see apparel do so well now and even computers do so well, because it's not just the early adopters buying online now. We've caught the second wave of online shopping."
But while this trend bodes well for Dell, says Johnson, another does not: due to a slowdown in PC sales, what's fueling most of the online growth [in the PC market] at this point are second hand sales of computers. Auction sites like eBay and uBid are enjoying thriving growth rates in PC sales, she says, in contrast to new PC vendors like Dell. So the challenge for Dell now is figuring out how to grow sales in a tough market.
The Front End
Launched as a static page in 1994, Dell.com took the plunge into e-commerce shortly thereafter, and by 1997 was the first company to record a million dollars in online sales, according to Dell spokesperson Deborah McNair.
After six strong years of online sales -- widely regarded by analysts as stumble free -- Dell has racked up some impressive statistics. In the last quarter of 2002, Dell.com logged a billion page views, a company first. According to Dell spokesperson Bob Kaufman, about half of the company's revenue comes from the site, which means approximately $16 billion flowed through Dell.com in the last year.
A key part of Dell's success, says Aberdeen's Allen, is that the site offers consumers "choice and control." Buyers can click through Dell and assemble a computer system piece by piece, choosing components like hard drive size and processor speed based on their budgets and needs.
"Their ability to allow people to custom design has traditionally been something that they're ahead of the game with, and a lot of people are slowly starting to catch up now," Allen says. "But they continue to be viewed as the leader."
This direct contact with consumers gives Dell a competitive advantage, explains Dell's McNair. "Because we know exactly what our customers are ordering, it's a 1-to-1 proposition. We get feedback on how our site is working so we're constantly making tweaks to it to make the experience for our customers easier."
Certainly Dell's competitors see the advantage of the company's direct model, and to a varying degree use similar tactics. But, says Gartner analyst Mark Margevicius, "The other vendors have legacy ties to supply chains -- supply chains with distributors and resellers. Those elements provide value and revenue to the IBMs and HPs of the world. So they can't automatically switch on a dime. But those non-direct channels are also less efficient. So Dell had the ability to cut margin without cutting profit."
Profit Source: B2B
While Dell's consumer sales are highly visible, thanks in part to a high profile TV campaign, its business sales are a much bigger revenue source. "About 15 percent of our total revenue is consumer business and the rest is B2B," Dell's Kaufman says. "Our major focus in the IT marketplace is selling servers, storage products, network switches and services to corporate customers. A lot of the e-commerce engine revolves around that."
Or, as Aberdeen's Allen notes, "B2C keeps them in newspapers a lot, B2B keeps them in the black."
To facilitate B2B sales, the Dell site offers each corporate customer an individualized interface. Using what Dell calls a Premier page, purchasing managers log on and order using an interface customized for their company's needs. "They place the order, it gets routed up to whoever in their company needs to approve it, then [the order] is sent directly to us," McNair says.
The efficiency of the B2B system works in synergy with the consumer sales, Kaufman says. "Remember, corporate customers are also consumers, so if they have a good experience, they'll come over and buy a system for their home, or vice versa."
The Back End
Now that many e-tailers have built a customer-friendly front end, their back end supply chain is a greater focus, says Aberdeen's Allen. "That's a lot of what you saw this past Christmas: progress on making sure [e-tailers] weren't just capturing the order but were fulfilling the order. That's where Dell is continuing to succeed."
Or, as Gartner's Mark Margevicius says, "You can give me the best e-commerce experience but unless they've got the supply chain nailed, there's no way Dell is as successful as they are today."
Dell's Kaufman says the PC maker uses the Internet to provide a "constant and seamless flow of information among all different aspects of the company to drive the process." The company's back end is calibrated to respond so closely to orders from the front end that inventory is kept to a razor-thin, four-day supply. "We build systems only after a customer has ordered them," Dell's McNair says, noting that this applies to desktop systems as well as complex server orders.
Dell has no central warehouse facility but instead ships to customers directly from its manufacturing plants. Based on customer location, a shipment may originate from a Dell plant in Ireland, China, Brazil, Malaysia, Texas or Tennessee.
Making a Giant Bigger
As for how Dell expands from here -- having built a thriving e-commerce operation, but faced with a slow market -- no analyst would hazard a definitive guess. But a recent Dell announcement provides a clue.
Last July, the company began to experiment with kiosks in shopping malls. Since launching the initiative, it has opened 57 kiosks in nine states. Recently, Dell announced it is ramping up its kiosk presence by placing them in Sears stores.
The kiosks are mini-stores, about 10-12 feet wide, with basic inventory and Dell salespeople. Dell's Kaufman explains that the kiosks enable mall shoppers to "go in and touch and feel some of our product and then either order right there or go back home and order."
So part of the e-commerce giant's expansion effort is geared, ironically, toward traditional retail. Or rather, since the kiosks are tied electronically to Dell.com, they're an odd hybrid: a brick-and-mortar mini-store with an e-commerce option. Analysts note that one of the advantages of the Sears kiosk placement is that, in comparison to the Dell site, the department store's foot traffic contains a higher percentage of women and shoppers who are over 55.
Certainly, though, it appears that Dell's core focus will remain its direct e-commerce model. Perhaps the best estimate of where Dell goes from here is more of the same, just bigger and better. As Aberdeen's Allen observes, "With e-commerce, there's no end. You're never done, it's constantly evolving, and it has to reflect the dynamics of the market. If anyone thinks they can catch up to Dell, there is no catching up -- it's just trying to stay ahead of the customer."

Broadcom Gigabit Ethernet Teaming Services

4/20/2004

Version 1.1

Dell Inc.
One Dell Way
Round Rock, Texas 78681

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary 4
1.1 Key Definitions and Acronyms 4
1.2 Teaming Concepts 5
1.2.1 Network Addressing 5
1.2.2 Teaming and Network Addresses 5
1.2.3 Description of teaming modes 6
1.2.3.1 Smart Load Balancing (SLB) 7
1.2.3.2 Generic Trunking 8
1.2.3.3 Link Aggregation (IEEE 802.3ad LACP) 8
1.3 Software Components 9
1.4 Hardware Requirements 10
1.4.1 Repeater Hub 10
1.4.2 Switching Hub 10
1.4.3 Router 10
1.5 Supported Teaming by OS 10
1.6 Utilities for Configuring Teaming by OS 11
1.7 Supported Features by Team Type 12
1.8 Selecting a team type 14
2 Teaming Mechanisms 15
2.1 Architecture 15
2.1.1 Outbound Traffic Flow 15
2.1.2 Inbound Traffic Flow (SLB Only) 16
2.1.3 Protocol support 17
2.1.4 Performance 17
2.1.4.1 Performance Benchmarks 17
2.2 Teaming Modes 19
2.2.1 Switch Independent 19
2.2.1.1 Smart Load Balancing and Failover 19
2.2.2 Switch Dependent 20
2.2.2.1 Generic Static Trunking 20
2.2.2.2 Dynamic Trunking (IEEE 802.3ad Link Aggregation) 21
2.3 Driver Support by Operating System 21
2.4 Supported Teaming Speeds 23
3 Teaming and Other Advanced Networking Features 24
3.1 Checksum Offload 24
3.2 IEEE 802.1p QoS Tagging 24
3.3 Large Send Offload 24
3.4 Jumbo Frames 25
3.5 IEEE 802.1Q VLANs 25
3.6 Wake On LAN 25
3.7 Preboot eXecution Environment (PXE) 25
4 General Network Considerations 26
4.1 Teaming across switches 26
4.1.1 Switch-Link Fault Tolerance 26
4.2 Spanning Tree Algorithm 29
4.2.1 Topology Change Notice 30
4.2.2 Port Fast / Edge Port 30
4.3 Layer 3 routing/switching 31
4.4 Teaming with Hubs (for Troubleshooting Purposes Only) 31
4.4.1 Hub usage in teaming network configurations 31
4.4.2 SLB Teams 31
4.4.3 SLB Team Connected to a Single Hub 31
4.4.4 Generic and Dynamic Trunking (FEC/GEC/IEEE 802.3ad) 32
4.5 Teaming with Microsoft NLB/WLBS 32
5 Application Considerations 33
5.1 Teaming and Clustering 33
5.1.1 Microsoft Cluster Software 33
5.1.2 High Performance Computing Cluster 34
5.1.2.1 Advanced Features 35
5.1.3 Oracle 35
5.2 Teaming and Network Backup 36
5.2.1 Load Balancing and Failover 38
5.2.2 Fault Tolerance 40
6 Troubleshooting Teaming Problems 41
6.1 Teaming Configuration Tips 41
6.2 Troubleshooting guidelines 43
7 Frequently Asked Questions 44
8 Appendix A- Event Log Messages 47
8.1 Windows System Event Log messages 47
8.2 Base Driver (Physical Adpater/Miniport) 47
8.3 Intermediate Driver (Virtual Adapter/Team) 49

List of Figures

Figure 1. Broadcom Advanced Control Suite (Release 6.6 and 6.7) 11
Figure 2. Process for Selecting a Team Type 14
Figure 3. Intermediate Driver 15
Figure 4. Teaming Across Switches Without a Inter-switch Link 27
Figure 5. Teaming Across Switches With Interconnect 28
Figure 6. Failover event 29
Figure 7. Team Connected to a Single Hub 32
Figure 8. Clustering With Teaming Across One Switch 34
Figure 9. Clustering With Teaming Across Two Switches 36
Figure 10. Network Backup without teaming 37
Figure 11. Network Backup With SLB Teaming Across Two Switches 41

List of Tables

Table 1. Glossary of Terms 5
Table 2. Teaming Mode Selections Offered by Broadcom 6
Table 3. Broadcom Teaming Software Component 9
Table 4. Teaming Support by Operating System 10
Table 5. Operating System Configuration Tools 11
Table 6. Comparison of Teaming Modes 13
Table 7. LACP Teaming Performance 18
Table 8. Teaming Attributes by OS 23
Table 9. Link Speeds in Teaming 23
Table 10. Advanced Adapter Properties and Teaming 24
Table 11. Base Driver Event Log Messages 49
Table 12.Intermediate Driver Event Log Messages 51

List of Graphs

Graph 1. Teaming Performance Scalability 18
Graph 2. Backup Performance With no NIC Teaming 38
Graph 3. Backup Performance 40

THIS WHITE PAPER IS FOR INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY, AND MAY CONTAIN TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS AND TECHNICAL INACCURACIES. THE CONTENT IS PROVIDED AS IS, WITHOUT EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND.

1 Executive Summary

This white paper describes the technology and implementation considerations when working with the network teaming services offered by the Broadcom software shipped with Dell’s servers and storage products. The goal of the Broadcom teaming services is to provide fault tolerance and link aggregation across a team of two or more adapters. The information in this document will assist IT professionals during the deployment and troubleshooting of server applications that require network fault tolerance and load balancing.

1.1 Key Definitions and Acronyms

Term Definition
BACS Broadcom Advanced Configuration Suite Configuration GUI
BASP Broadcom Advanced Server Program Intermediate driver
Smart Load Balancing (SLB) w/ one Standby port Switch independent Failover team. Primary member handles all incoming and outgoing traffic while the standby adapter is idle until a failover event (for example, loss of link occurs). Intermediate driver manages incoming/outgoing traffic.
Smart Load Balancing (SLB) Switch independent Load balancing and failover team – Intermediate driver manages outgoing/incoming traffic.
LACP Link Aggregation Control Protocol
Generic Trunking (FEC/GEC)- 802.3ad Draft Static Switch dependent load balancing and failover- Intermediate driver manages outgoing traffic/ Switch manages incoming traffic
Link Aggregation (802.3ad) Switch dependent load balancing and failover with LACP-Intermediate driver manages outgoing traffic/Switch manages incoming traffic.
NDIS Network Driver Interface Specification
PXE Pre-Execution Environment
ARP Address Resolution Protocol
RAID Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks
MAC Media Access Control
DNS Domain Name Service
WINS Windows Name Service
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
UDP User Datagram Protocol
IP Internet Protocol
ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol
IGMP Internet Group Management Protocol
G-ARP Gratuitous Address Resolution Protocol
HSRP Hot Standby Router Protocol
LOM LAN On Motherboard
NLB Network Load Balancing (from Microsoft)
WLBS Windows Load Balancing Services

Table 1. Glossary of Terms
1.2 Teaming Concepts

The concept of grouping multiple physical devices to provide fault tolerance and load balancing is not new. It has been around for years. Storage devices use RAID technology to group individual hard drives. Switch ports can be grouped together using technologies such as Cisco Gigabit EtherChannel, IEEE 802.3ad Link Aggregation, Bay Network Multilink Trunking, and Extreme Network Load Sharing. Network interfaces on Dell servers can be grouped together into a team of physical ports called a virtual adapter.

1.2.1 Network Addressing

To understand how teaming works, it is important to understand how node communications work in an Ethernet network. This paper assumes that the reader is familiar with the basics of IP and Ethernet network communications. The following information provides a high level overview of the concepts of network addressing used in an Ethernet network.

Every Ethernet network interface in a host platform such as a server requires a globally unique Layer 2 address and at least one globally unique Layer 3 address. Layer 2 is the Data Link Layer, and Layer 3 is the Network layer as defined in the OSI model. The Layer 2 address is assigned to the hardware and is often referred to as the MAC address or physical address. This address is pre-programmed at the factory and stored in NVRAM on a network interface card or on the system motherboard for an embedded LAN interface. The layer 3 addresses are referred to as the protocol or logical address assigned to the software stack. IP and IPX are examples of Layer 3 protocols. In addition, Layer 4 (Transport Layer) uses port numbers for each network upper level protocol such as Telnet or FTP. These port numbers are used to differentiate traffic flows across applications. Layer 4 protocols such as TCP or UDP are most commonly used in today’s networks. The combination of the IP address and the TCP port number is called a socket.

Ethernet devices communicate with other Ethernet devices using the MAC address, not the IP address. However, most applications work with a host name that is translated to an IP address by a Naming Service such as WINS and DNS. Therefore, a method of identifying the MAC address assigned to the IP address is required. The Address Resolution Protocol for an IP network provides this mechanism. For IPX, the MAC address is part of the network address and ARP is not required. ARP is implemented using an ARP Request and ARP Reply frame. ARP Requests are typically sent to a broadcast address while the ARP Reply is typically sent as unicast traffic. A unicast address corresponds to a single MAC address or a single IP address. A broadcast address is sent to all devices on a network.

1.2.2 Teaming and Network Addresses

A team of adapters function as a single virtual network interface and does not appear any different to other network devices than a non-teamed adapter. A virtual network adapter advertises a single layer 2 and one or more layer 3 addresses. When the teaming driver initializes, it selects one MAC address from one of the physical adapters that make up the team to be the Team MAC address. This address is typically taken from the first adapter that gets initialized by the driver. When the server hosting the team receives an ARP Request, it will select one MAC address from among the physical adapters in the team to use as the source MAC address in the ARP Reply. In Windows operating systems, the IPCONFIG /all command shows the IP and MAC address of the virtual adapter and not the individual physical adapters. The protocol IP address is assigned to the virtual network interface and not to the individual physical adapters.

For switch independent teaming modes, all physical adapters that make up a virtual adapter must use the unique MAC address assigned to them when transmitting data. That is, the frames that are sent by each of the physical adapters in the team must use a unique MAC address to be IEEE compliant. It is important to note that ARP cache entries are not learned from received frames, but only from ARP Requests and ARP Replies.

1.2.3 Description of teaming modes

There are three methods for classifying the supported teaming modes: one is based on whether the switch port configuration must also match the NIC teaming mode; the second is based on the functionality of the team, whether it supports load balancing and failover or just failover; and the third is based on whether the Link Aggregation Control Protocol is used or not. The following table shows a summary of the team modes and their classification.

Broadcom Teaming Selections Switch Dependent- switch must support specific teaming mode Link Aggregation Control Protocol support required on the switch Load Balancing Failover

Smart Load Balancing and Failover (SLB) (with 2-8 load balance members)  
Smart Load Balancing and Failover (SLB) (with 1 load balance member and 1 or more standby member) 
Link Aggregation (802.3ad)    
Generic Trunking (FEC/GEC)/802.3ad-Draft Static   

Table 2. Teaming Mode Selections Offered by Broadcom

1.2.3.1 Smart Load Balancing (SLB)

Smart Load Balancing provides both load balancing and failover when configured for Load Balancing, and only failover when configured for fault tolerance. It works with any Ethernet switch and requires no trunking configuration on the switch. The team advertises multiple MAC addresses and one or more IP addresses (when using secondary IP addresses). The team MAC address is selected from the list of load balancing members. When the server receives an ARP Request, the software-networking stack will always send an ARP Reply with the team MAC address. To begin the load balancing process, the teaming driver will modify this ARP Reply by changing the source MAC address to match one of the physical adapters.

Smart Load Balancing enables both transmit and receive load balancing based on the Layer 3/Layer 4 IP address and TCP/UDP port number. In other words, the load balancing is not done at a byte or frame level but on a TCP/UDP session basis. This methodology is required to maintain in-order delivery of frames that belong to the same socket conversation. Load balancing is supported on 2-8 ports. These ports can include any combination of add-in adapters and LAN-on-Motherboard (LOM) devices. Transmit load balancing is achieved by creating a hashing table using the source and destination IP addresses and TCP/UDP port numbers. The same combination of source and destination IP addresses and TCP/UDP port numbers will generally yield the same hash index and therefore point to the same port in the team. When a port is selected to carry all the frames of a given socket, the unique MAC address of the physical adapter is included in the frame, and not the team MAC address. This is required to comply with the IEEE 802.3 standard. If two adapters transmit using the same MAC address, then a duplicate MAC address situation would occur that the switch could not handle.

Receive Load Balancing is achieved through an intermediate driver by sending Gratuitous ARPs on a client by client basis using the unicast address of each client as the destination address of the ARP Request (also known as a Directed ARP). This is considered client load balancing and not traffic load balancing. When the intermediate driver detects a significant load imbalance between the physical adapters in an SLB team, it will generate G-ARPs in an effort to redistribute incoming frames. The intermediate driver (BASP) does not answer ARP Requests; only the software protocol stack provides the required ARP Reply. It is important to understand that receive load balancing is a function of the number of clients that are connecting to the server via the team interface.

SLB Receive Load Balancing attempts to load balance incoming traffic for client machines across physical ports in the team. It uses a modified Gratuitous ARP to advertise a different MAC address for the team IP Address in the sender physical and protocol address. This G-ARP is unicast with the MAC and IP Address of a client machine in the target physical and protocol address respectively. This causes the target client to update its ARP cache with a new MAC address map to the team IP address. G-ARPs are not broadcast because this would cause all clients to send their traffic to the same port. As a result, the benefits achieved through client load balancing would be eliminated, and could cause out of order frame delivery. This receive load balancing scheme works as long as all clients and the teamed server are on the same subnet or broadcast domain.

When the clients and the server are on different subnets, and incoming traffic has to traverse a router, the received traffic destined for the server is not load balanced. The physical adapter that the intermediate driver has selected to carry the IP flow will carry all of the traffic. When the router needs to send a frame to the team IP address, it will broadcast an ARP Request (if not in the ARP cache). The server software stack will generate an ARP Reply with the team MAC address, but the intermediate driver will modify the ARP Reply and send it over a particular physical adapter, establishing the flow for that session.

The reason is that ARP is not a routable protocol. It does not have an IP header and therefore is not sent to the router or default gateway. ARP is only a local subnet protocol. In addition, since the G-ARP is not a broadcast packet, the router will not process it and will not update its own ARP cache.

The only way that the router would process an ARP that is intended for another network device is if it has Proxy ARP enabled and the host has no default gateway. This is very rare and not recommended for most applications.

Transmit traffic through a router will be load balanced as transmit load balancing is based on the source and destination IP address and TCP/UDP port number. Since routers do not alter the source and destination IP address, the load balancing algorithm works as intended.

Configuring routers for Hot Standby Routing Protocol (HSRP) does not allow for receive load balancing to occur in the NIC team. In general, HSRP allows for two routers to act as one router, advertising a virtual IP and virtual MAC address. One physical router is the active interface while the other is standby. Although HSRP can also load share nodes (using different default gateways on the host nodes) across multiple routers in HSRP groups, it always points to the primary MAC address of the team.
1.2.3.2 Generic Trunking

Generic Trunking is a switch-assisted teaming mode and requires configuring ports at both ends of the link: server interfaces and switch ports. This is often referred to as Cisco Fast EtherChannel or Gigabit EtherChannel. In addition, generic trunking supports similar implementations by other switch OEMs such as Extreme Networks Load Sharing and Bay Networks or IEEE 802.3ad Link Aggregation static mode. In this mode, the team advertises one MAC Address and one IP Address when the protocol stack responds to ARP Requests. In addition, each physical adapter in the team uses the same team MAC address when transmitting frames. This is possible since the switch at the other end of the link is aware of the teaming mode and will handle the use of a single MAC address by every port in the team. The forwarding table in the switch will reflect the trunk as a single virtual port.

In this teaming mode, the intermediate driver controls load balancing and failover for outgoing traffic only, while incoming traffic is controlled by the switch firmware and hardware. As is the case for Smart Load Balancing, the BASP intermediate driver uses the IP/TCP/UDP source and destination addresses to load balance the transmit traffic from the server. Most switches implement an XOR hashing of the source and destination MAC address.
1.2.3.3 Link Aggregation (IEEE 802.3ad LACP)

Link Aggregation is similar to Generic Trunking except that it uses the Link Aggregation Control Protocol to negotiate the ports that will make up the team. LACP must be enabled at both ends of the link for the team to be operational. If LACP is not available at both ends of the link, 802.3ad provides a manual aggregation that only requires both ends of the link to be in a link up state. Because manual aggregation provides for the activation of a member link without performing the LACP message exchanges, it should not be considered as reliable and robust as an LACP negotiated link. LACP automatically determines which member links can be aggregated and then aggregates them. It provides for the controlled addition and removal of physical links for the link aggregation so that no frames are lost or duplicated. The removal of aggregate link members is provided by the marker protocol that can be optionally enabled for Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) enabled aggregate links.

The Link Aggregation group advertises a single MAC address for all the ports in the trunk. The MAC address of the Aggregator can be the MAC addresses of one of the MACs that make up the group. LACP and marker protocols use a multicast destination address.

The Link Aggregation control function determines which links may be aggregated and then binds the ports to an Aggregator function in the system and monitors conditions to determine if a change in the aggregation group is required.

Link aggregation combines the individual capacity of multiple links to form a high performance virtual link.

The failure or replacement of a link in an LACP trunk will not cause loss of connectivity. The traffic will simply be failed over to the remaining links in the trunk.

1.3 Software Components

Teaming is implemented via an NDIS intermediate driver in the Windows Operating System environment. This software component works with the miniport driver, the NDIS layer, and the protocol stack to enable the teaming architecture (see Figure 3). The miniport driver controls the host LAN controller directly to enable functions such as sends, receives, and interrupt processing. The intermediate driver fits between the miniport driver and the protocol layer multiplexing several miniport driver instances, and creating a virtual adapter that looks like a single adapter to the NDIS layer. NDIS provides a set of library functions to enable the communications between either miniport drivers or intermediate drivers and the protocol stack. The protocol stack implements IP, IPX and ARP. A protocol address such as an IP address is assigned to each miniport device instance, but when an Intermediate driver is installed, the protocol address is assigned to the virtual team adapter and not to the individual miniport devices that make up the team.

The Broadcom supplied teaming support is provided by three individual software components that work together and are supported as a package. When one component is upgraded, all the other components must be upgraded to the supported versions. The following table describes the three software components and their associated files for supported operating systems.

Software Component Broadcom Name Windows Linux NetWare
Miniport Driver Broadcom Base Driver B57xp32.sys
B57w2k.sys Bcm5700 B57.lan
Intermediate Driver Broadcom Advanced Server
Program (BASP) Baspxp32.sys
Baspw2k.sys Basp Basp.lan
Configuration GUI Broadcom Advanced Control
Suite (BACS) Bacs N/A N/A
Table 3. Broadcom Teaming Software Component

1.4 Hardware Requirements

The various teaming modes described in this document place certain restrictions on the networking equipment used to connect clients to teamed servers. Each type of network interconnect technology has an effect on teaming as described below.

1.4.1 Repeater Hub

A Repeater Hub allows a network administrator to extend an Ethernet network beyond the limits of an individual segment. The repeater regenerates the input signal received on one port onto all other connected ports, forming a single collision domain. This means that when a station attached to a repeater sends an Ethernet frame to another station, every station within the same collision domain will also receive that message. If two stations begin transmitting at the same time, a collision will occur, and each transmitting station will need to retransmit its data after waiting a random amount of time.

The use of a repeater requires that each station participating within the collision domain operate in half-duplex mode. Though half-duplex mode is supported for Gigabit Ethernet devices in the IEEE 802.3 specification, it is not supported by the majority of Gigabit Ethernet controller manufacturers and will not be considered here.

Teaming across Hubs is supported for troubleshooting purposes such as connecting a Network Analyzer for SLB teams only.

1.4.2 Switching Hub

Unlike a Repeater Hub, a Switching Hub (or more simply a Switch) allows an Ethernet network to be broken into multiple collision domains. The switch is responsible for forwarding Ethernet packets between hosts based solely on Ethernet MAC addresses. A physical network adapter that is attached to a switch may operate in half-duplex or full-duplex mode.

In order to support Generic Trunking and 802.3ad Link Aggregation, a switch must specifically support such functionality. If the switch does not support these protocols, it may still be used for Smart Load Balancing.

1.4.3 Router

A router is designed to route network traffic based on Layer 3 or higher protocols, although it will often also work as a Layer 2 device with switching capabilities. Teaming ports connected directly to a router is not supported.

1.5 Supported Teaming by OS

All teaming modes are supported for the IA-32 server operating systems as shown in Table 4.

Teaming Mode Windows Linux NetWare
Smart Load Balancing and Failover   
Generic Trunking   
Link Aggregation   
Table 4. Teaming Support by Operating System

1.6 Utilities for Configuring Teaming by OS

Table 5 lists the tools used to configure teaming in the supported operating system environments.

Operating System Configuration Tool
Windows 2000 BACS
Windows 2003 BACS
NetWare 5/6 Autoexec.ncf and Basp.lan
Linux Baspcfg

Table 5. Operating System Configuration Tools

The Broadcom Advanced Control Suite (BACS) (see Figure 1) is designed to run in one of the following 32-bit Windows operating systems: Microsoft® Windows® 2000 and Windows Server 2003. BACS is used to configure load balancing and fault tolerance teaming, and VLANs. In addition, it displays the MAC address, driver version, and status information. The BACS also includes a number of diagnostics tools such as hardware diagnostics, cable testing, and a network topology test.

Figure 1. Broadcom Advanced Control Suite (Release 6.6 and 6.7)

When an adapter configuration is saved in NetWare, the NetWare install program adds load and bind statements to the Autoexec.ncf file. By accessing this file, you can verify the parameters configured for each adapter, add or delete parameters, or modify parameters.

BASP Configuration (baspcfg) is a command line tool for Linux to configure the BASP teams, add/remove NICs, and add/remove virtual devices. This tool can be used in custom initialization scripts. Please read your distribution-specific documentation for more information on your distributors startup procedures.

1.7 Supported Features by Team Type

Table 6 provides a feature comparison across the teaming modes supported by Dell. Use this table to determine the best teaming mode for your application. The teaming software supports up to 8 ports in a single team and up to 4 teams in a single system. The four teams can be any combination of the supported teaming modes but must be on separate networks or subnets.

Teaming Mode-> Fault Tolerance Load Balancing Switch Dependent Static Trunking
Switch Dependent Dynamic Link Aggregation (IEEE 802.3ad)
Function SLB w/ Standby* SLB
Generic Trunking Link Aggregation
Number of ports per team (Same Broadcast domain) 2-8 2-8 2-8 2-8
Number of teams 4 4 4 4
NIC Fault Tolerance Yes Yes Yes Yes
Switch Link Fault Tolerance (same Broadcast domain) Yes Yes Switch Dependent Switch Dependent
TX Load Balance No Yes Yes Yes
RX Load Balance No Yes Yes (Performed by Switch) Yes (Performed by Switch)
Requires Compatible Switch No No Yes Yes
Heartbeats to check connectivity No No No No
Mixed Media-NICs with different media Yes Yes Switch Dependent Switch Dependent
Mixed Speed-NICs that do not support a common speed, but can operate at different speeds Yes Yes No No
Mixed Speed-NICs that support common speed(s), but can operate at different speeds. Yes Yes No (must be the same speed) Yes
Load balances TCP/IP No Yes Yes Yes
Mixed Vendor Teaming Yes** Yes** Yes** Yes**
Load balances non-IP protocols No Yes (IPX outbound traffic only) Yes Yes
Same MAC Address for all team members No No Yes Yes
Same IP Address for all team members Yes Yes Yes Yes
Load Balancing by IP Address No Yes Yes Yes
Load Balancing by MAC Address No Yes (used for non-IP/IPX protocols) Yes Yes
*- SLB with one primary and one standby member
**- Requires at least one Broadcom adapter in the team
Table 6. Comparison of Teaming Modes

1.8 Selecting a team type

The following flowchart provides the decision flow when planning for teaming. The primary rationale for teaming is the need for additional network bandwidth and fault tolerance. Teaming offers link aggregation and fault tolerance to meet both of these requirements. Preference teaming should be selected in the following order: IEEE 802.3ad as the first choice, Generic Trunking as the second choice, and SLB teaming as the third choice when using unmanaged switches or switches that do not support the first two options. However, if switch fault tolerance is a requirement then SLB is the only choice (see Figure 2).

Figure 2. Process for Selecting a Team Type

2 Teaming Mechanisms

This section provides an overview on how the Broadcom BASP intermediate driver is implemented and how it performs load balancing and failover.

2.1 Architecture

The Broadcom Advanced Server Program is implemented as an NDIS intermediate driver (see Figure 3). It operates below protocol stacks such as TCP/IP and IPX and appears as a virtual adapter. This virtual adapter inherits the MAC Address of the first port initialized in the team. A Layer 3 address must also be configured for the virtual adapter. The primary function of BASP is to balance inbound (for SLB) and outbound traffic (for all teaming modes) among the physical adapters installed on the system selected for teaming. The inbound and outbound algorithms are independent and orthogonal to each other. The outbound traffic for a particular session can be assigned to a given port while its corresponding inbound traffic can be assigned to a different port.

Figure 3. Intermediate Driver

2.1.1 Outbound Traffic Flow

The Broadcom Intermediate Driver manages the outbound traffic flow for all teaming modes. For outbound traffic, every packet is first classified into a flow, and then distributed to the selected physical adapter for transmission. The flow classification involves an efficient hash computation over known protocol fields. The resulting hash value is used to index into an Outbound Flow Hash Table. The selected Outbound Flow Hash Entry contains the index of the selected physical adapter responsible for transmitting this flow. The source MAC address of the packets will then be modified to the MAC address of the selected physical adapter. The modified packet is then passed to the selected physical adapter for transmission.

The outbound TCP and UDP packets are classified using Layer 3 and Layer 4 header information. This scheme improves the load distributions for popular Internet protocol services using well-known ports such as HTTP and FTP. Therefore, BASP performs load balancing on a TCP session basis and not on a packet-by-packet basis.

In the Outbound Flow Hash Entries, statistics counters are also updated after classification. The load-balancing engine uses these counters to periodically distribute the flows across teamed ports. The outbound code path has been designed to achieve best possible concurrency where multiple concurrent accesses to the Outbound Flow Hash Table are allowed.

For protocols other than TCP/IP, the first physical adapter will always be selected for outbound packets. The exception is Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), which is handled differently to achieve inbound load balancing.

2.1.2 Inbound Traffic Flow (SLB Only)

The Broadcom Intermediate Driver manages the inbound traffic flow for the SLB teaming mode. Unlike outbound load balancing, inbound load balancing can only be applied to IP addresses that are located in the same subnet as the load-balancing server. Inbound load balancing exploits a unique characteristic of Address Resolution Protocol (RFC0826), in which each IP host uses its own ARP cache to encapsulate the IP Datagram into an Ethernet frame. BASP carefully manipulates the ARP response to direct each IP host to send the inbound IP packet to the desired physical adapter. Therefore, inbound load balancing is a plan-ahead scheme based on statistical history of the inbound flows. New connections from a client to the server will always occur over the primary physical adapter (because the ARP Reply generated by the operating system protocol stack will always associate the logical IP address with the MAC address of the primary physical adapter).

Like the outbound case, there is an Inbound Flow Head Hash Table. Each entry inside this table has a singly linked list and each link (Inbound Flow Entries) represents an IP host located in the same subnet.

When an inbound IP Datagram arrives, the appropriate Inbound Flow Head Entry is located by hashing the source IP address of the IP Datagram. Two statistics counters stored in the selected entry are also updated. These counters are used in the same fashion as the outbound counters by the load-balancing engine periodically to reassign the flows to the physical adapter.

On the inbound code path, the Inbound Flow Head Hash Table is also designed to allow concurrent access. The link lists of Inbound Flow Entries are only referenced in the event of processing ARP packets and the periodic load balancing. There is no per packet reference to the Inbound Flow Entries. Even though the link lists are not bounded; the overhead in processing each non-ARP packet is always a constant. The processing of ARP packets, both inbound and outbound, however, depends on the number of links inside the corresponding link list.

On the inbound processing path, filtering is also employed to prevent broadcast packets from looping back through the system from other physical adapters.

2.1.3 Protocol support

ARP and IP/TCP/UDP flows are load balanced. If the packet is an IP protocol only, such as ICMP or IGMP, then all data flowing to a particular IP address will go out through the same physical adapter. If the packet uses TCP or UDP for the L4 protocol, then the port number is added to the hashing algorithm, so two separate L4 flows can go out through two separate physical adapters to the same IP address.

For example, assume the client has an IP address of 10.0.0.1. All IGMP and ICMP traffic will go out the same physical adapter because only the IP address is used for the hash. The flow would look something like this:

IGMP ------> PhysAdapter1 ------> 10.0.0.1
ICMP ------> PhysAdapter1 ------> 10.0.0.1

If the server also sends an TCP and UDP flow to the same 10.0.0.1 address, they can be on the same physical adapter as IGMP and ICMP, or on completely different physical adapters from ICMP and IGMP. The stream may look like this:

IGMP ------> PhysAdapter1 ------> 10.0.0.1
ICMP ------> PhysAdapter1 ------> 10.0.0.1
TCP ------> PhysAdapter1 ------> 10.0.0.1
UDP ------> PhysAdatper1 ------> 10.0.0.1

Or the streams may look like this:

IGMP ------> PhysAdapter1 ------> 10.0.0.1
ICMP ------> PhysAdapter1 ------> 10.0.0.1
TCP ------> PhysAdapter2 ------> 10.0.0.1
UDP ------> PhysAdatper3 ------> 10.0.0.1

The actual assignment between adapters may change over time, but any protocol that is not TCP/UDP based will go over the same physical adapter because only the IP address is used in the hash.

2.1.4 Performance

Modern network interface cards provide many hardware features that reduce CPU utilization by offloading certain CPU intensive operations (see Teaming and Other Advanced Networking Features). In contrast, the BASP intermediate driver is a purely software function that must examine every packet received from the protocol stacks and react to its contents before sending it out through a particular physical interface. Though the BASP driver can process each outgoing packet in near constant time, some applications that may already be CPU bound may suffer if operated over a teamed interface. Such an application may be better suited to take advantage of the failover capabilities of the intermediate driver rather than the load balancing features, or it may operate more efficiently over a single physical adapter that provides a particular hardware feature such as Large Send Offload.
2.1.4.1 Performance Benchmarks

Table 7 provides an example of the performance benefit that teaming offers by listing the throughput and CPU metrics for an LACP team as a function of the number of member ports. Chariot Benchmark throughput scales with the number of ports in the team with a modest increase in CPU utilization. The benchmark configuration consisted of 16 Windows 2000 clients with a TCP Window Size of 64KB used to generate traffic. The test server was running Windows Server 2003 with Large Send Offload.

Mode # Of Ports Receive Only Transmit Only Bi-directional
CPU (%) Mbps CPU (%) Mbps CPU (%) Mbps
No Team 1 22 936 21 949 29 1800
LACP Team 2 34 1419 30 1885 35 2297
3 36 1428 38 2834 37 2375
4 31 1681 43 3770 44 3066
Note: This is not a guarantee on performance. Performance will vary based on number of configuration factors and type of benchmark. It does indicate that link aggregation does provide a positive performance improvement as the number of ports increase in a team.
Table 7. LACP Teaming Performance

Large Send Offload enables an almost linear scalability of transmit throughput as a function of the number of team members as shown in Graph 1.

Graph 1. Teaming Performance Scalability

2.2 Teaming Modes

2.2.1 Switch Independent

The Broadcom Smart Load Balancing team allows 2 to 8 physical adapters to operate as a single virtual adapter. The greatest benefit of SLB is that it will operate on any IEEE compliant switches and requires no special configuration.
2.2.1.1 Smart Load Balancing and Failover

SLB provides for switch-independent, bi-directional, fault-tolerant teaming and load balancing. Switch independence implies that there is no specific support for this function required in the switch, allowing SLB to be compatible with all switches. Under SLB, all adapters in the team have separate MAC addresses. The load-balancing algorithm operates on Layer 3 addresses of the source and destination nodes, which enables SLB to load balance both incoming and outgoing traffic

The BASP intermediate driver continually monitors the physical ports in a team for link loss. In the event of link loss on any port, traffic is automatically diverted to other ports in the team. The SLB teaming mode supports switch fault tolerance by allowing teaming across different switches- provided the switches are on the same physical network or broadcast domain.
2.2.1.1.1 Network Communications

The following are the key attributes of SLB:

 Failover mechanism – Link loss detection
 Load Balancing Algorithm – Inbound and outbound traffic are balanced through a Broadcom proprietary mechanism based on L4 flows
 Outbound Load Balancing using MAC Address - No
 Outbound Load Balancing using IP Address - Yes
 Multi-vendor Teaming – Supported (Must include at least 1 Broadcom Ethernet controller as a team member)
2.2.1.1.2 Applications

The SLB algorithm is most appropriate in SOHO and small business environments where cost is a concern or with commodity switching equipment. SLB teaming works with unmanaged Layer 2 switches and is a cost-effective way of getting redundancy and link aggregation at the server. Smart Load Balancing also supports teaming physical adapters with differing link capabilities. In addition, SLB is recommended when switch fault tolerance with teaming is required.
2.2.1.1.3 Configuration recommendations

SLB supports connecting the teamed ports to hubs and switches if they are on the same broadcast domain. It does not support connecting to a router or layer 3 switches because the ports must be on the same subnet.

2.2.2 Switch Dependent
2.2.2.1 Generic Static Trunking

This mode supports a variety of environments where the NIC’s link partners are statically configured to support a proprietary trunking mechanism. This mode could be used to support Lucent’s “Open Trunk,” Cisco’s Fast EtherChannel (FEC), and Cisco’s Gigabit EtherChannel (GEC). In the static mode, as in generic link aggregation, the switch administrator needs to assign the ports to the team, and this assignment cannot be altered by the BASP, as there is no exchange of the Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) frame.

With this mode, all adapters in the team are configured to receive packets for the same MAC address. Trunking operates on Layer 2 addresses and supports load balancing and failover for both inbound and outbound traffic. The BASP driver determines the load-balancing scheme for outbound packets, using layer 4 protocols previously discussed, whereas the team’s link partner determines the load-balancing scheme for inbound packets.

The attached switch must support the appropriate trunking scheme for this mode of operation. Both the BASP and the switch continually monitor their ports for link loss. In the event of link loss on any port, traffic is automatically diverted to other ports in the team.
2.2.2.1.1 Network Communications

The following are the key attributes of Generic Static Trunking:

 Failover mechanism – Link loss detection
 Load Balancing Algorithm – Outbound traffic is balanced through Broadcom proprietary mechanism based L4 flows. Inbound traffic is balanced according to a switch specific mechanism.
 Outbound Load Balancing using MAC Address – No
 Outbound Load Balancing using IP Address - Yes
 Multi-vendor teaming – Supported (Must include at least 1 Broadcom Ethernet controller as a team member)
2.2.2.1.2 Applications

Generic trunking works with switches that support Cisco Fast EtherChannel, Cisco Gigabit EtherChannel, Extreme Networks Load Sharing and Bay Networks or IEEE 802.3ad Link Aggregation static mode. Since load balancing is implemented on Layer 2 addresses, all higher protocols such as IP, IPX, and NetBEUI are supported. Therefore, this is the recommended teaming mode when the switch supports generic trunking modes over SLB.
2.2.2.1.3 Configuration Recommendations

Static trunking supports connecting the teamed ports to switches if they are on the same broadcast domain and support generic trunking. It does not support connecting to a router or layer 3 switches since the ports must be on the same subnet.
2.2.2.2 Dynamic Trunking (IEEE 802.3ad Link Aggregation)

This mode supports link aggregation through static and dynamic configuration via the Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP). With this mode, all adapters in the team are configured to receive packets for the same MAC address. The MAC address of the first NIC in the team is used and cannot be substituted for a different MAC address. The BASP driver determines the load-balancing scheme for outbound packets, using layer 4 protocols previously discussed, whereas the team’s link partner determines the load-balancing scheme for inbound packets. Because the load balancing is implemented on Layer 2, all higher protocols such as IP, IPX, and NetBEUI are supported.

The attached switch must support the 802.3ad Link Aggregation standard for this mode of operation. The switch will manage the inbound traffic to the NIC while the BASP manages the outbound traffic. Both the BASP and the switch continually monitor their ports for link loss. In the event of link loss on any port, traffic is automatically diverted to other ports in the team.
2.2.2.2.1 Network Communications

The following are the key attributes of Dynamic Trunking:

 Failover mechanism – Link loss detection
 Load Balancing Algorithm – Outbound traffic is balanced through a Broadcom proprietary mechanism based on L4 flows. Inbound traffic is balanced according to a switch specific mechanism.
 Outbound Load Balancing using MAC Address - No
 Outbound Load Balancing using IP Address - Yes
 Multi-vendor teaming – Supported (Must include at least 1 Broadcom Ethernet controller as a team member)
2.2.2.2.2 Applications

Dynamic trunking works with switches that support IEEE 802.3ad Link Aggregation dynamic mode using LACP. Inbound load balancing is switch dependent. In general, the switch traffic is load balanced based on L2 addresses. In this case, all network protocols such as IP, IPX, and NetBEUI are load balanced. Therefore, this is the recommended teaming mode when the switch supports LACP, except when switch fault tolerance is required. SLB is the only teaming mode that supports switch fault tolerance.
2.2.2.2.3 Configuration recommendations

Dynamic trunking supports connecting the teamed ports to switches as long as they are on the same broadcast domain and supports IEEE 802.3ad LACP trunking. It does not support connecting to a router or layer 3 switches since the ports must be on the same subnet.

2.3 Driver Support by Operating System

As previously noted, the BASP is supported in the Windows 2000 Server, Windows Server 2003, Netware, and Linux operating system environments. In a Netware environment, NESL support is required because BASP relies on the NIC drivers to generate NESL events during link changes and other failure events. For Linux environments, Broadcom’s Network Interface Card Extension (NICE) support is required. NICE is an extension provided by Broadcom to standard Linux drivers, and supports monitoring of Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) requests, link detection, and VLANs.
The following table summarizes the various teaming mode features for each operating system.

Features Windows
(W2K/ Server 2003) NetWare
(5.1, 6.x) Red Hat® Linux (AS 2.1, EL3.0)
Smart Load Balancing (SLB)
User interfaces BACS Command line Command line
Number of teams 4 4 4
Number of adapters per team 8 8 8
Hot replace Yes Yes No
Hot add Yes Yes No
Hot remove Yes Yes No
Link speeds support Different speeds Different speeds Different speeds
Frame protocol IP IP/IPX IP
Incoming packet management BASP BASP BASP
Outgoing packet management BASP BASP BASP
Failover event Loss of link Loss of link Loss of link
Failover time <500 ms <500 ms <500 ms
Failback time 1.5 sec approx.* 1.5 sec approx.* 1.5 sec approx.*
MAC address Different Different Different
Multivendor teaming Yes
Yes No
Generic Trunking
User interfaces BACS Command line Command line
Number of teams 4 4 4
Number of adapters per team 8 8 8
Hot replace Yes Yes No
Hot add Yes Yes No
Hot remove Yes Yes No
Link speeds support Different speeds Different speeds Different speeds
Frame protocols All All All
Incoming packet management Switch Switch Switch
Outgoing packet management BASP BASP BASP
Failover event Loss of link only Loss of link only Loss of link only
Failover time <500 ms < 500 ms <500 ms
Failback time 1.5 sec approx.* 1.5 sec approx.* 1.5 sec approx.*
MAC address Same for all NICs Same for all NICs Same for all NICs
Multivendor teaming Yes Yes No

Dynamic Trunking
User interfaces BACS Command line Command line
Number of teams 4 4 4
Number of adapters per team 8 8 8
Hot replace Yes Yes No
Hot add Yes Yes No
Hot remove Yes
Yes No
Link speed support Different speeds Different speeds Different speeds
Frame protocols All All All
Incoming packet management Switch Switch Switch
Outgoing packet management BASP BASP BASP
Failover event Loss of link Loss of link Loss of link
Failover time <500 ms <500 ms <500 ms
Failback time 1.5 sec approx.* 1.5 sec approx.* 1.5 sec approx.*
Mac address Same for all NICs Same for all NICs Same for all NICs
Multivendor teaming Yes Yes No
*Make sure that Port Fast or Edge Port is enabled

Table 8. Teaming Attributes by OS
2.4 Supported Teaming Speeds

Table 9 summarizes the various link speeds supported by each teaming mode. Mixed speed refers to the capability of teaming adapters that are running at different link speeds.

Mode Link Speeds Traffic Direction Speed Support
SLB 10/100/1000 Incoming/outgoing Mixed speed
FEC 100 Incoming/outgoing Same speed
GEC 1000 Incoming/outgoing Same speed
IEEE 802.3ad 10/100/1000 Incoming/outgoing Mixed speed

Table 9. Link Speeds in Teaming

3 Teaming and Other Advanced Networking Features

Before creating a team, adding or removing team members, or changing advanced settings of a team member, make sure each team member has been configured similarly. Settings to check include VLANs and QoS Packet Tagging, Jumbo Frames, and the various offloads. Table 10 lists advanced adapter properties and teaming.

Adapter Property Supported by Teaming Virtual Adapter (Y/N)

Checksum Offload No
IEEE 802.1p QoS Tagging No
Large Send Offload No
Jumbo Frames Yes
IEEE 802.1Q VLANs Yes
Wake on LAN No
PXE Yes (As a PXE server only, not as a client)

Table 10. Advanced Adapter Properties and Teaming

A team does not necessarily inherit NIC properties; rather various properties depend on the specific capability. For instance, teams will not support LSO even if the underlying NIC can support LSO. Another example would be flow control, which is a physical NIC property and has nothing to do with BASP, and will be enabled on a particular NIC if the miniport driver for that NIC has flow control enabled.

3.1 Checksum Offload

Checksum offload is a feature provided by Broadcom network adapters that allows the TCP/IP/UDP checksums for send and receive traffic to be calculated by the NIC hardware rather than by the host CPU. In high traffic situations, this can allow a system to handle more connections efficiently than if the host CPU were forced to calculate the checksums. This feature is inherently a hardware feature and would not benefit from a software only implementation. A NIC that supports checksum offload will advertise this capability to the operating system so that the checksum does not need to be calculated in the protocol stack, but since the intermediate driver is located directly between the protocol layer and the miniport driver, the protocol layer will not be able to offload any checksums so that hardware capability will be unused on a physical adapter that is part of a team.

3.2 IEEE 802.1p QoS Tagging

The IEEE 802.1p standard includes a three-bit field (supporting a maximum of 8 priority levels), which allows for traffic prioritization. The BASP intermediate driver does not support 802.1p QoS tagging.

3.3 Large Send Offload

Large Send Offload is a feature provided by Broadcom network adapters that prevents an upper level protocol such as TCP from breaking a large data packet into a series of smaller packets with headers appended to them. The protocol stack need only generate a single header for a data packet as large as 64KB and the NIC hardware will break the data buffer into appropriately sized Ethernet frames with the correctly sequenced header (based on the single header originally provided). Like the checksum offload feature listed above, this is a hardware feature that is not implemented by the intermediate driver. As a result, the protocol stack will not be able to take advantage of this feature when a physical adapter is part of a team.

3.4 Jumbo Frames

The use of Jumbo Frames was originally proposed by Alteon Networks, Inc. in 1998 and increased the maximum size of an Ethernet frame to a maximum size of 9000 bytes. Though never formally adopted by the IEEE 802.3 Working Group, support for Jumbo Frames has been implemented in the server Broadcom adapters.

The BASP intermediate driver supports Jumbo Frames, provided that all of the physical adapters in the team also support Jumbo frames.

3.5 IEEE 802.1Q VLANs

In 1998, the IEEE approved the 802.3ac standard, which defines frame format extensions to support Virtual Bridged Local Area Network tagging on Ethernet networks as specified in the IEEE 802.1Q specification. The VLAN protocol permits insertion of a tag into an Ethernet frame to identify the VLAN to which a frame belongs. If present, the 4-byte VLAN tag is inserted into the Ethernet frame between the source MAC address and the length/type field. The first “2-bytes” of the VLAN tag consist of the 802.1Q tag type while the second two bytes include a user priority field and the VLAN identifier (VID).

Virtual LANs (VLANs) allow the user to split the physical LAN into logical subparts. Each defined VLAN behaves as its own separate network, with its traffic and broadcasts isolated from the others, thus increasing bandwidth efficiency within each logical group. VLANs also enable the administrator to enforce appropriate security and Quality of Service (QoS) policies. The BASP supports the creation of 64 VLANs per team or adapter. However, the operating system and system resources limit the actual number of VLANs. VLAN support is provided according to IEEE 802.1q and is supported in a teaming environment as well as on a singular adapter. Note that VLANs are only supported with homogeneous teaming and not in a multivendor teaming environment.

The BASP intermediate driver supports VLAN tagging. One or more VLANs may be bound to a single instance of the intermediate driver.

3.6 Wake On LAN

Wake on LAN is a feature that allows a system to be awakened from a sleep state by the arrival of a specific packet over the Ethernet interface. Since a Virtual Adapter is implemented as a software only device, it lacks the hardware features to implement Wake on LAN and cannot be enabled to wake the system from a sleeping state via the Virtual Adapter. However, the physical adapters support this property, even when the adapter is part of a team.

3.7 Preboot eXecution Environment (PXE)

The Preboot eXecution Environment (PXE) allows a system to boot from an operating system image over the network. By definition, PXE is invoked before an operating system is loaded, so there is no opportunity for the BASP intermediate driver to load and enable a team. As a result, teaming is not supported as a PXE client, though a physical adapter that participates in a team when the operating system is loaded may be used as a PXE client.

While a teamed adapter cannot be used as a PXE client, it can be used for a PXE server, which provides operating system images to PXE clients using a combination of Dynamic Host Control Protocol (DHCP) and the Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP). Both of these protocols operate over IP and are supported by all teaming modes.

4 General Network Considerations

4.1 Teaming across switches

SLB teaming can be configured across switches. However, the switches must be interconnected together. Generic Trunking and Link Aggregation do not work across switches because each of these implementations requires that all physical adapters in a team share the same Ethernet MAC address. It is important to note that SLB can only detect the loss of link between the ports in the team and their immediate link partner. SLB has no way of reacting to other hardware failures in the switches and cannot detect loss of link on other ports.

4.1.1 Switch-Link Fault Tolerance

The diagrams below describe the operation of an SLB team in a switch fault tolerant configuration. We show the mapping of the ping request and ping replies in an SLB team with two active members. All servers (Blue, Gray and Red) have a continuous ping to each other. Figure 4 is a setup without the interconnect cable in place between the two switches. Figure 5 has the interconnect cable in place and Figure 6 is an example of a failover event with the Interconnect cable in place. These scenarios describe the behavior of teaming across the two switches and the importance of the interconnect link.

The diagrams show the secondary team member sending the ICMP echo requests (yellow arrows) while the primary team member receives the respective ICMP echo replies (blue arrows). This illustrates a key characteristic of the teaming software. The load balancing algorithms do not synchronize how frames are load balanced when sent or received. In other words, frames for a given conversation can go out and be received on different interfaces in the team. This is true for all types of teaming supported by Broadcom. Therefore, an interconnect link must be provided between the switches that connect to ports in the same team.

In the configuration without the interconnect, an ICMP Request from Blue to Gray goes out port 82:83 destined for Gray port 5E:CA, but the Top Switch has no way to send it there since it cannot go along the 5E:C9 port on Gray. A similar scenario occurs when Gray attempts to ping Blue. An ICMP Request goes out on 5E:C9 destined for Blue 82:82, but cannot get there. Top Switch does not have an entry for 82:82 in its CAM table because there is no interconnect between the two switches. However, pings flow between Red and Blue and between Red and Gray.

Furthermore, a failover event would cause additional loss of connectivity. Consider a cable disconnect on the Top Switch port 4. In this case, Gray would send the ICMP Request to Red 49:C9, but because the Bottom switch has no entry for 49:C9 in its CAM Table, the frame is flooded to all its ports but cannot find a way to get to 49:C9.

Figure 4. Teaming Across Switches Without a Inter-switch Link

The addition of a link between the switches allows traffic from/to Blue and Gray to reach each other without any problems. Note the additional entries in the CAM table for both switches. The link interconnect is critical for the proper operation of the team. As a result, it is highly advisable to have a link aggregation trunk to interconnect the two switches to ensure high availability for the connection.

Figure 5. Teaming Across Switches With Interconnect

Figure 6 represents a failover event where the cable is unplugged on the Top Switch port 4. This is a successful failover with all stations pinging each other without loss of connectivity.

Figure 6. Failover event
4.2 Spanning Tree Algorithm

In Ethernet networks, only one active path may exist between any two bridges or switches. Multiple active paths between switches can cause loops in the network. When loops occur, some switches recognize stations on both sides of the switch. This situation causes the forwarding algorithm to malfunction allowing duplicate frames to be forwarded. Spanning tree algorithms provide path redundancy by defining a tree that spans all of the switches in an extended network and then forces certain redundant data paths into a standby (blocked) state. At regular intervals, the switches in the network send and receive spanning tree packets that they use to identify the path. If one network segment becomes unreachable, or if spanning tree costs change, the spanning tree algorithm reconfigures the spanning tree topology and re-establishes the link by activating the standby path. Spanning tree operation is transparent to end stations, which do not detect whether they are connected to a single LAN segment or a switched LAN of multiple segments.

Spanning-Tree Protocol (STP) is a Layer 2 protocol designed to run on bridges and switches. The specification for STP is defined in IEEE 802.1d. The main purpose of STP is to ensure that you do not run into a loop situation when you have redundant paths in your network. STP detects/disables network loops and provides backup links between switches or bridges. It allows the device to interact with other STP compliant devices in your network to ensure that only one path exists between any two stations on the network.

Once a stable network topology has been established, all bridges listen for Hello BPDUs (Bridge Protocol Data Units) transmitted from the root bridge. If a bridge does not get a Hello BPDU after a predefined interval (Max Age), the bridge assumes that the link to the root bridge is down. This bridge then initiates negotiations with other bridges to reconfigure the network to re-establish a valid network topology. The process to create a new topology can take up to 50 seconds. During this time end-to-end communications will be interrupted.

The use of Spanning Tree is not recommended for ports that are connected to end stations, because by definition, an end station will not create a loop within an Ethernet segment. Additionally, when a teamed adapter is connected to a port with Spanning Tree enabled, users may experience unexpected connectivity problems. For example, consider a teamed adapter that has a lost link on one of its physical adapters. If the physical adapter were to be reconnected (also known as fail-back), the intermediate driver would detect that the link has been reestablished and would begin to pass traffic through the port. Traffic would be lost if the port was temporarily blocked by the Spanning Tree Protocol.

4.2.1 Topology Change Notice

A bridge/switch creates a forwarding table of MAC addresses and port numbers by learning the source MAC address that received on a particular port. The table is used to forward frames to a specific port rather than flooding the frame to all ports. The typical maximum aging time of entries in the table is 5 minutes. Only when a host has been silent for 5 minutes would its entry be removed from the table. It is sometimes beneficial to reduce the aging time. One example is when a forwarding link goes to blocking and a different link goes from blocking to forwarding. This change could take up to 50 seconds. At the end of the STP re-calculation a new path would be available for communications between end stations. However, since the forwarding table would still have entries based on the old topology, communications may not be re-established until after 5 minutes when the affected ports entries are removed from the table. Traffic would then be flooded to all ports and re-learned. In this case it is beneficial to reduce the aging time. This is the purpose of a TCN BPDU. The TCN is sent from the affected bridge/switch to the root bridge/switch. As soon as a bridge/switch detects a topology change (a link going down or a port going to forwarding) it sends a TCN to the root bridge via its root port. The root bridge then advertises a BPDU with a Topology Change to the entire network. This causes every bridge to reduce the MAC table aging time to 15 seconds for a specified amount of time. This allows the switch to re-learn the MAC addresses as soon as STP re-converges.

Topology Change Notice BPDUs are sent when a port that was forwarding changes to blocking or transitions to forwarding. A TCN BPDU does not initiate an STP re-calculation. It only affects the aging time of the forwarding table entries in the switch. It will not change the topology of the network or create loops. End nodes such as servers or clients will trigger topology change when they power off and then power back on.

4.2.2 Port Fast / Edge Port

In order to reduce the effect of TCNs on the network (for example, increasing flooding on switch ports), end nodes that are powered on/off often should use the Port Fast or Edge port setting on the switch port they are attached to. Port Fast or Edge Port is a command that is applied to specific ports and has the following effects:

• Ports coming from link down to link up will be put in the forwarding STP mode instead of going from listening to learning and then to forwarding. STP is still running on these ports

• The switch does not generate a Topology Change Notice when the port is going up or down

4.3 Layer 3 routing/switching

The switch that the teamed ports are connected to must not be a Layer 3 switch or router. The ports in the team must be in the same network.

4.4 Teaming with Hubs (for Troubleshooting Purposes Only)

SLB teaming can be used with 10/100 Hubs, but it is only recommended for troubleshooting purposes, such as connecting a network analyzer in the event that switch port mirroring is not an option.

4.4.1 Hub usage in teaming network configurations

Although the use of hubs in network topologies is functional in some situations, it is important to consider the throughput ramifications when doing so. Network hubs have a maximum of 100 Mbps half-duplex link speed, which will severely degrade performance in either a Gigabit or 100 Mbps switched-network configuration. Hub bandwidth is shared among all connected devices; as a result, when more devices are connected to the hub, the bandwidth available to any single device connected to the hub will be reduced in direct proportion to the number of devices connected to the hub.

It is not recommended to connect team members to hubs; only switches should be used to connect to teamed ports. However, an SLB team can be connected directly to a hub for troubleshooting purposes. Other team types can result in a loss of connectivity if specific failures occur and should not be used with hubs.

4.4.2 SLB Teams

SLB teams are the only teaming type not dependant on switch configuration. The server intermediate driver handles the load balancing and fault tolerance mechanisms with no assistance from the switch. These elements of SLB make it the only team type that maintains failover and failback characteristics when team ports are connected directly to a hub.

4.4.3 SLB Team Connected to a Single Hub

SLB teams configured as shown in Figure 7 will maintain their fault tolerance properties. Either server connection could potentially fail and network functionality will be maintained. Clients could be connected directly to the hub and fault tolerance would still be maintained, however, server performance would be degraded.

Figure 7. Team Connected to a Single Hub

4.4.4 Generic and Dynamic Trunking (FEC/GEC/IEEE 802.3ad)

FEC/GEC and IEEE 802.3ad teams cannot be connected to any hub configuration. These team types must be connected to a switch that has also been configured for this team type.

4.5 Teaming with Microsoft NLB/WLBS

We know that the SLB mode of teaming will NOT work in a NLB unicast environment. However, there is no known reason why the SLB mode does not work in a NLB multicast environment. The SLB teaming algorithm is mutually exclusive with the NLB unicast mechanism.

5 Application Considerations

5.1 Teaming and Clustering

5.1.1 Microsoft Cluster Software

Dell PowerEdge cluster solutions integrate Microsoft Cluster Services with PowerVault SCSI or Dell / EMC Fibre-Channel based storage, PowerEdge servers, storage adapters, storage switches and NICs to provide High-Availability solutions. HA clustering supports all NICs qualified on a supported PowerEdge server.

MSCS clusters support up to two nodes if you are using Windows 2000 Advanced Server. If you are using Windows Server 2003, that support extends to eight nodes. In each cluster node it is strongly recommended that customers install at least two network adapters (on-board NICs are acceptable). These interfaces serve two purposes. One NIC is used exclusively for intra-cluster “heartbeat” communications. This is referred to as the “private NIC” and usually resides on a separate private sub-network. The other NIC is used for client communications and is referred to as the “public NIC.”

Multiple NICs may be used for each of these purposes: private, intra-cluster communications and public, external client communications. All Broadcom teaming modes are supported with Microsoft Cluster Software for the public NIC only. Private network adapter teaming is not supported.
Microsoft indicates that the use of teaming on the private interconnect of a server cluster is not supported because of delays that could possibly occur in the transmission and receipt of heartbeat packets between the nodes. For best results, when you want redundancy for the private interconnect, disable teaming and use the available ports to form a second private interconnect. This achieves the same end result and provides dual, robust communication paths for the nodes to communicate over.

For teaming in a clustered environment, customers are recommended to use the same brand of NICs

Figure 8 shows a two-node Fibre-Channel cluster with a three network interfaces per cluster node: one private and two public. On each node, the two public NICs are teamed and the Private NIC is not.

Teaming is supported across the same switch or across two switches. Figure 9 shows the same two-node Fibre-Channel cluster in this configuration.

.

Figure 8. Clustering With Teaming Across One Switch

Note: Microsoft Network Load Balancing is not supported with Microsoft Cluster Software

5.1.2 High Performance Computing Cluster

Gigabit Ethernet is typically used for the following three purposes in HPCC applications:

1. Inter-Process Communications (IPC): For applications that don't require low-latency high-bandwidth interconnects (such as Myrinet, InfiniBand), Gigabit Ethernet can be used for communication between the compute nodes.

2. I/O: Ethernet can be used for file sharing and serving the data to the compute nodes. This can be done simply using an NFS server or using parallel file systems such as PVFS.

3. Management & Administration: Ethernet is used for out-of-band (ERA) and in-band (OMSA) management of the nodes in the cluster. It can also be used for job scheduling and monitoring.

In our current HPC offerings, only one of the on-board NICs is used. If Myrinet or IB is present, this NIC serves I/O and administration purposes, otherwise it is also responsible for IPC. In case of a NIC failure, the administrator can use the Felix package to easily configure NIC 2. NIC Teaming on the host side is not tested or supported in HPCC.
5.1.2.1 Advanced Features

PXE is used extensively for the deployment of the cluster (installation and recovery of compute nodes).
Teaming is typically not used on the host side and it is not a part of our standard offering. Link aggregation is commonly used between switches, especially for large configurations. Jumbo Frames, although not a part of our standard offering, may provide performance improvement for some applications due to reduced CPU overhead.

5.1.3 Oracle

In our Oracle Solution Stacks, we support NIC Teaming in both the private network (interconnect between RAC nodes), and public network with clients or the Application layer above the Database layer.

Figure 9. Clustering With Teaming Across Two Switches

5.2 Teaming and Network Backup

When performing network backups in a non-teamed environment, overall throughput on a backup server’s NIC can be easily impacted due to excessive traffic and NIC overloading. Depending on the number of backup servers, data streams and tape drive speed; backup traffic can easily consume a high percentage of the network link bandwidth, thus impacting production data and tape backup performance. Network backups usually consist of a dedicated backup server running with tape backup software such as NetBackup, Galaxy or Backup Exec. Attached to the backup server is either a direct SCSI tape backup unit or a tape library connected through a fiber channel storage area network (SAN). Systems that are backed up over the network are typically called clients or remote servers and usually have a tape backup software agent installed. Figure 10 shows a typical 1Gbps non-teamed network environment with tape backup implementation.

Figure 10. Network Backup without teaming

Because there are four client servers, the backup server can simultaneously stream four backup jobs (one per client) to a multi-drive autoloader. However, because of the single link between the switch and the backup server, a four-stream backup will easily saturate the NIC and link. If the NIC on the backup server operates at 1Gbps (125 MB/Sec), and each client is able to stream data at 20 MB/Sec during tape backup, then the throughput between the backup server and switch will be at 80 MB/Sec (20 MB/Sec x 4), which is equivalent to 64% of the network bandwidth. Although this is well within the network bandwidth range, the 64% constitutes a high percentage, especially if other applications share the same link.

Using the non-teamed topology in Figure 10, four separate tests were run to calculate the remote backup performance. In test 1 “One Stream,” the backup server streamed data from a single client (Client-Server Red). In test 2 “Two Streams,” the backup server simultaneously streamed data from two separate clients (Red and Blue). In test three “Three Streams,” the backup server simultaneously streamed data from three separate clients. In test four “Four Streams,” the backup server simultaneously streamed data from four separate clients. Performance throughput for each backup data stream is shown in Graph 1.

Note: Performance results will vary depending on tape drive technology as well as data set compression.
Graph 2. Backup Performance With no NIC Teaming

5.2.1 Load Balancing and Failover

The performance results show that as the number of backup streams increases, the overall throughput increases. However, each data stream may not be able to maintain the same performance as a single backup stream of 25 MB/Sec. In other words, even though a backup server can stream data from a single client at 25 MB/Sec., it is not expected that four simultaneous running backup jobs will stream at 100 MB/Sec. (25 MB/Sec. x 4 streams). Although overall throughput increases as the number of backup streams increases, each backup stream can be impacted by tape software or network stack limitations.

In order for a tape backup server to reliably utilize NIC performance and network bandwidth when backing up clients, a network infrastructure must implement teaming such as smart load balancing and fault tolerance. Data centers will incorporate redundant switches, link aggregation, and trunking as part of their fault tolerant solution. Although teaming device drivers will manipulate the way data flows through teamed interfaces and failover paths, this is transparent to tape backup applications and does not interrupt any tape backup process when backing up remote systems over the network. Figure 11 shows a network topology that demonstrates tape backup in a Broadcom teamed environment and how smart load balancing can “load balance” tape backup data across teamed NICs.

There are four paths that the client-server can use to send data to the backup server, but only one of these paths will be designated during data transfer. One possible path that Client-Server Red can use to send data to the backup server is:

Example Path: Client-Server Red sends data via NIC A, Switch 1, Backup Server NIC A.

The designated path is determined by two factors:

1. Client-Server ARP cache; which points to the Backup Server’s MAC address. This is determined by the Broadcom intermediate driver inbound load balancing algorithm.

2. The physical NIC interface on Client-Server Red will be used to transmit the data. The Broadcom intermediate driver outbound load balancing algorithm determines this. (See section 2.1.1 and 2.1.2.)

The teamed interface on the backup server will transmit a gratuitous ARP (G-ARP) to Client-Server Red, which in turn causes the client server’s ARP cache to get updated with the Backup Server’s MAC address. The load balancing mechanism within the teamed interface determines the MAC address embedded in the G-ARP. The selected MAC address is essentially the destination for data transfer from the client server. On Client-Server Red, the SLB teaming algorithm will determine which of the two NIC interfaces will be used to transmit data. In this example, data from Client Server Red is received on the backup server’s NIC “A” interface. To demonstrate the SLB mechanisms when additional load is placed on the teamed interface, consider the scenario when the backup server initiates a second backup operation: one to Client-Server Red, and one to Client-Server Blue. The route that Client-Server Blue uses to send data to the backup server is dependant on its ARP cache, which points to the backup server’s MAC address. Since NIC A of the backup server is already under load from its backup operation with Client-Sever Red, the Backup Server will invoke its SLB algorithm to “inform” Client-Server Blue (thru an G-ARP) to update its ARP cache to reflect the backups server’s NIC B MAC address. When Client-Server Blue needs to transmit data, it will use either one of its NIC interfaces, which is determined by its own SLB algorithm. What is important is that data from Client-Server Blue is received by the Backup Server’s NIC B interface, and not by its NIC A interface. This is important because with both backup streams running simultaneously, the backup server must “load balance” data streams from different clients. With both backup streams running, each NIC interface on the backup server is processing an equal load, thus load-balancing data cross both NIC interfaces.

The same algorithm applies if a third and fourth backup operation is initiated from the backup server. The teamed interface on the backup server will transmit a unicast G-ARP to backup clients to inform them to update their ARP cache. Each client will then transmit backup data along a route to the target MAC address on the backup server.

Based on the network topology diagram in Figure 11, backup performance was measured on the teamed backup server when performing one or more backup streams. Graph 3 shows the tape backup performance that can be expected on the backup server when conducting network backups:

Graph 3. Backup Performance

The backup performance results are nearly the same as the performance measured in the non-teamed environment. Since the network was not the bottleneck in the non-teamed case, teaming was not expected to improve performance. However, in this case teaming is recommended to improve fault tolerance and availability. In the example where a backup server has one NIC, all data streams can only go through that one NIC, and as shown in the charts, performance was 80 MB/Sec. In the teamed environment, although the same performance of 80 MB/Sec was measured, data from the clients was received across both NIC interfaces on the backup server. With four backup streams, the teamed interface equally received backup streams across both NICs in a “load balanced” manner. Two backup streams were received on NIC A and two streams were received on NIC B for a performance total of 20 MB/Sec x 4 backup streams = 80 MB/Sec.

5.2.2 Fault Tolerance

In the event that a network link fails during tape backup operations, all traffic between the backup server and client will stop and backup jobs will fail. However, if the network topology was configured for both Broadcom SLB and switch fault tolerance, then this would allow tape backup operations to continue without interruption during the link failure. All failover processes within the network are transparent to tape backup software applications. To understand how backup data streams are directed during network failover process, consider the topology in Figure 11. Client-Server Red is transmitting data to the backup server via Path 1, but a link failure occurs between the backup server and switch. Since the data can no longer be sent from Switch #1 to the NIC “A” interface on the backup server, the data will be re-directed from Switch #1 through Switch #2, to the NIC “B” interface on the backup server. This occurs without the knowledge of the backup application because all fault tolerant operations are handled by the NIC team interface and trunk settings on the switches. From the client server’s perspective, it still “thinks” it is transmitting data through the original path.

Figure 11. Network Backup With SLB Teaming Across Two Switches

6 Troubleshooting Teaming Problems

When running a protocol analyzer over a virtual adapter teamed interface the MAC address shown in the transmitted frames may not be correct. The analyzer does not show the frames as constructed by BASP and will show the MAC address of the team and not the MAC address of the interface transmitting the frame. It is suggested to use the following process to monitor a team:

• Mirror all uplink ports from the team at the switch
• If the team spans two switches, mirror the interlink trunk as well
• Sample all mirror ports independently
• On the analyzer use a NIC and driver that does not filter QOS and VLAN information

6.1 Teaming Configuration Tips

When troubleshooting network connectivity or teaming functionality issues, ensure that the following information is true for your configuration.

1. While Dell supports mixed speed SLB teaming it is recommended that all adapters in a team be the same speed (either all Gigabit or all Fast Ethernet).

2. Disable Spanning Tree Protocol or enable a STP mode that bypasses the initial phases (for example, Port Fast, Edge Port) for the switch ports connected to a team.

3. All switches that the team is directly connected to must have the same hardware revision, firmware revision, and software revision to be supported.

4. To be teamed, adapters should be members of the same VLAN.

5. In the event that multiple teams are configured, each team should be on a separate network

6. Do not enter a Multicast or Broadcast address in the Locally Administered Address field. Do not use the Locally Administered Address on any physical adapter that is a member of a team.

7. Verify that power management is disabled on all physical members of any team.

8. Remove any static IP address from the individual physical team members before the team is built.

9. A team that requires maximum throughput should use LACP or GEC\FEC. In these cases, the intermediate driver is only responsible for the outbound load balancing while the switch performs the inbound load balancing.

10. Aggregated teams (802.3ad \ LACP and GEC\FEC) must be connected to only a single switch that supports IEEE 802.3a, LACP or GEC/FEC.

11. It is not recommended to connect any team to a hub, as a hub only support half duplex. Hubs should be connected to a team for troubleshooting purposes only.

12. Verify the base (Miniport) and team (intermediate) drivers are from the same release package. Dell does not test or support mixing base and teaming drivers from different CD releases.

13. Test the connectivity to each physical adapter prior to teaming.

14. Test the failover and failback behavior of the team before placing into a production environment.

15. When moving from a non-production network to a production network, it is strongly recommended to test again for failover and failback.

16. Test the performance behavior of the team before placing into a production environment.

17. When moving from a non-production network to a production network, it is strongly recommended to test performance again

6.2 Troubleshooting guidelines

Before you call Dell support, make sure you have completed the following steps for troubleshooting network connectivity problems when the server is using NIC teaming.

1. Make sure the Link Light is “on” for every adapter and all the cables are attached.

2. Check that the matching base and intermediate drivers belong to the same Dell release and are loaded correctly.

3. Check for a valid IP Address using MS ‘ipconfig’, or Linux ‘ifconfig’ or NetWare ‘CONFIG.’

4. Check that STP is disabled or Edge Port/Port Fast is enabled on the switch ports connected to the team.

5. Check that the adapters and the switch are configured identically for Link Speed and Duplex.

6. If possible, break the team and check for connectivity to each adapter independently to confirm that the problem is directly associated with teaming.

7. Check that all switch ports connected to the team are on the same VLAN.

8. Check that the switch ports are configured properly for FEC/GEC/IEEE802.3ad trunking and that it matches the NIC teaming mode. If configured for SLB, make sure the corresponding switch ports are NOT configured for trunking (FEC/GEC/IEEE802.3ad).

7 Frequently Asked Questions

Question: Under what circumstances is traffic not load balanced? Why is all traffic not load balanced evenly across the team members?

Answer: The bulk of traffic does not use IP/TCP/UDP or the bulk of the clients are in a different network. The receive load balancing is not a function of traffic load, but a function of the number of clients that are connected to the server.

Question: What network protocols are load balanced when in a team?

Answer: Broadcom’s teaming software only supports IP/TCP/UDP traffic. All other traffic will be forwarded to the primary adapter.

Question: Which protocols are load balanced with SLB and which ones are not?

Answer: Only IP/TCP/UDP protocols are load balanced in both directions: send and receive. IPX is load balanced on the transmit traffic only.

Question: Can I team a port running at 100 Mbps with a port running at 1000 Mbps?

Answer: Mixing link speeds within a team is only supported for Smart Load Balance teams.

Question: Can I team a fiber adapter with a copper Gigabit adapter?

Answer: Yes.

Question: What is the difference between NIC load balancing and Microsoft’s Network Load Balancing (NLB)?

Answer: NIC load balancing is done at a network session level while NLB is done at the server application level.

Question: Can I connect the teamed adapters to a hub?

Answer: Yes. Teamed ports can be connected to a hub for troubleshooting purposes only. However, this is not recommended for normal operation, because the performance improvement expected would be degraded due to hub limitations. Connect the teamed ports to a switch instead. .

Question: Can I connect the teamed adapters to ports in a router?

Answer: No. All ports in a team must be on the same network; however, in a router each port is a separate network by definition. All teaming modes require that the link partner be a Layer 2 switch.

Question: Can I use teaming with Microsoft Cluster Services?

Answer: Yes. Teaming is supported on the public network only, but not on the private network used for the heartbeat link.

Question: Can PXE work over a virtual adapter (team)?

Answer: A PXE client operates in a pre-OS environment; as a result, virtual adapters have not been enabled yet. If the physical adapter supports PXE, then it can be used as a PXE client, whether or not it is part of a virtual adapter when the OS loads. PXE servers may operate over a virtual adapter.

Question: Can WOL work over a virtual adapter (team)?

Answer: Wake-on-LAN functionality is not supported on virtual adapters; it is only supported on physical adapters.

Question: What is the maximum number of ports that can be teamed together?

Answer: Up to 8 ports

Question: What is the maximum number of teams that can be configured on the same server?

Answer: Up to 4 teams.

Question: Why does my team loose connectivity for the first 30 to 50 seconds after the Primary adapter is restored (failback)?

Answer: Because Spanning Tree is bringing the port from blocking to forwarding. You must enable Port Fast or Edge Port on the switch ports connected to the team.

Question: Can I connect a team across multiple switches?

Answer: Smart Load Balancing can be used with multiple switches because each physical adapter in the system uses a unique Ethernet MAC address. Link Aggregation and Generic Trunking cannot operate across switches because they require all physical adapters to share the same Ethernet MAC address.

Question: How do we upgrade the intermediate driver (BASP)?

Answer: The intermediate driver cannot be upgraded via the Local Area Connection Properties. It must be upgraded using the Setup installer. Current versions of the installer require you to uninstall the intermediate driver first.

Question: How can I determine the performance statistics on a virtual adapter (team)?

Answer: Currently, there are no statistics at the team level, but only at the physical adapter level.

Question: Can I configure NLB and teaming concurrently?

Answer: Yes, but only when running NLB in a multicast mode. (Note: NLB is not supported with MS Cluster Services.

Question: Should both the backup server and client servers that are backed up be teamed?

Answer: Because the backup server is under the most data load, it should always be teamed for link aggregation and failover. However, a fully redundant network requires that both the switches and the backup clients be teamed for fault tolerance and link aggregation.

Question: During backup operations, does the NIC teaming algorithm load balance data at a byte level or session level?

Answer: When using NIC teaming, data is only load balanced at a session level and not a byte level to prevent out of order frames. NIC teaming load balancing does not work the same way as other storage load balancing mechanisms such as EMC PowerPath.

Question: Is there any special configuration required in the tape backup software or hardware in order to work with NIC teaming?

Answer: There is no configuration required in the tape software to work with teaming. Teaming is transparent to tape backup applications.

Question: How do I know what driver I am currently using?

Answer: In all operating systems, the most accurate method for checking the driver revision is to physically locate the driver file and check the properties.

Question: Can the SLB detect a switch failure in a Switch Fault Tolerance configuration?

Answer: No. SLB can only detect the loss of link between the teamed port and its immediate link partner. SLB cannot detect link failures on other ports.

Question: Where can I get the latest supported drivers?

Answer: Please check at www.support.dell.com for driver package updates or support documents.

Question: Why does my team loose connectivity for the first 30 to 50 seconds after the Primary Adapter is restored (fail back after a failover)?

Answer: During a fail back event, link is restored causing Spanning Tree Protocol to configure the port for blocking until it determines that it can move to the forwarding state. You must enabled Port Fast or Edge Port on the switch ports connected to the team to prevent the loss of communications caused by STP.

Question: Where do I monitor real time statistics for a NIC team in a Windows server?

Answer: Use the Broadcom Advanced Control Suite (BACS) to monitor general, IEEE 802.3 and custom counters.

8 Appendix A- Event Log Messages

8.1 Windows System Event Log messages

This document will list all of the known base and intermediate Windows System event log status messages for the Broadcom products as of 03/2004

As a Broadcom adapter loads Windows, it will place a status code in the system event viewer. There may be up to two classes of entries for these event codes depending if both drivers are loaded. One set for the base or miniport driver and one set for the intermediate or teaming driver.

8.2 Base Driver (Physical Adapter/Miniport)

The base driver will be identified by the driver name as shown below.

Example:
Windows 2000: B57W2k.sys
Windows 2003: B57WXP.sys

Table 11 lists the event log messages supported by the base driver, the cause for the message and the recommended action.

System Event Message Number Message Causes Corrective Action
1 “Failed to allocate memory for the device block. Check system memory resource usage.” The driver cannot allocate memory from the operating system. Close running applications to free memory.
2 “Failed to allocate map registers.” The driver cannot allocate map registers from the operating system. Unload other drivers that may allocate map registers.
3 “Failed to access configuration information. Re-install network driver.” The driver cannot access PCI configuration space registers on the adapter. Reseat the adapter in the slot, move the adapter to another PCI slot, replace the adapter.
4 “The network link is down. Check to make sure the network cable is properly connected.” The adapter has lost its connection with its link partner. Check that the network cable is connected, verify that the network cable is the right type, and verify that the link partner (for example, switch or hub) is working correctly.
5 “The network link is up.” The adapter has established a link. Informational message only.
6 “Network controller configured for 10Mb half-duplex link.” The adapter has been manually configured for the selected line speed and duplex settings. Informational message only.
7 “Network controller configured for 10Mb full-duplex link.” The adapter has been manually configured for the selected line speed and duplex settings. Informational message only.
8 “Network controller configured for 100Mb half-duplex link.” The adapter has been manually configured for the selected line speed and duplex settings. Informational message only.
9 “Network controller configured for 100Mb full-duplex link.” The adapter has been manually configured for the selected line speed and duplex settings. Informational message only.
10 “Network controller configured for 1Gb half-duplex link.” The adapter has been manually configured for the selected line speed and duplex settings. This is not a supported setting for Broadcom adapters. Modify the “Speed & Duplex” settings through the “Advanced” tab of the driver’s “Properties” dialog.
11 “Network controller configured for 1Gb full-duplex link.” The adapter has been manually configured for the selected line speed and duplex settings. Informational message only.
12 “Medium not supported.” The operating system does not support the 802.3 medium. Reboot the operating system, run a virus check, run a disk check (chkdsk), reinstall the operating system.
13 “Unable to register the interrupt service routine.” The device driver cannot install its interrupt handler. Reboot the operating system; remove other device drivers that may be sharing the same IRQ.
14 “Unable to map IO space.” The device driver cannot allocate memory-mapped I/O to access its registers. Remove other adapters from the system, reduce the amount of physical memory installed, and replace the adapter.
15 “Driver initialized successfully.” The driver has successfully loaded. Informational message only.
16 “NDIS is resetting the miniport driver.” The NDIS layer has detected a problem sending/receiving packets and is resetting the driver to resolve the problem. Run BACS diagnostics; check that the network cable is good.
17 “Unknown PHY detected. Using a default PHY initialization routine.” The driver could not read the PHY ID. Replace the adapter.
18 “This driver does not support this device. Upgrade to the latest driver.” The driver does not recognize the installed adapter. Upgrade to a driver version that supports this adapter.
19 “Driver initialization failed.” Unspecified failure during driver initialization. Reinstall the driver, update to a newer driver, run BACS diagnostics, or replace the adapter.

Table 11. Base Driver Event Log Messages

8.3 Intermediate Driver (Virtual Adapter/Team)

The intermediate driver will be identified by “BLFM” regardless of the base driver revision. The driver names are shown below.

Example:
Windows 2000: baspw2k.sys
Windows 2003: baspxp32.sys

Table 12 lists the event log messages supported by the intermediate driver, the cause for the message and the recommended action.

System Event Message Number Message Causes Corrective Action
1 “Unable to register with NDIS.” The driver cannot register with the NDIS interface. Unload other NDIS drivers.
2 “Unable to instantiate the management interface.” The driver cannot create a device instance. Reboot the operating system.
3 “Unable to create symbolic link for the management interface.” Another driver has created a conflicting device name. Unload the conflicting device driver that uses the name “Blf.”
4 “Broadcom Advanced Server Program Driver has started.” The driver has started. Informational message only.
5 “Broadcom Advanced Server Program Driver has stopped.” The driver has stopped. Informational message only.
6 “Could not allocate memory for internal data structures.” The driver cannot allocate memory from the operating system. Close running applications to free memory.
7 “Could not bind to adapter %2.” The driver could not open one of the team’s physical adapters. Unload and reload the physical adapter’s driver, install an updated physical adapter driver, replace the physical adapter.
8 “Successfully bind to adapter %2.” The driver successfully opened the physical adapter. Informational message only.
9 “Network adapter %2 is disconnected.” The physical adapter in not connected to the network (for example, it has not established link). Check that the network cable is connected, verify that the network cable is the right type, verify that the link partner (for example, switch or hub) is working correctly.
10 “Network adapter %2 is connected.” The physical adapter is connected to the network (for example, it has established link). Informational message only.
11 “Broadcom Advanced Program Features Driver is NOT designed to run on this version of Operating System.” The driver does not support the operating system it is installed on. Consult the driver release notes and install on a supported operating system or obtain a driver update.
12 “Hot-standby adapter %2 is elected as the primary for a team without load balancing adapter.” A standby adapter has been activated. Replace the failed physical adapter.
13 “Network adapter %2 does not support Advanced Failover.” The physical adapter does not support the Broadcom NIC Extension (NICE). Replace the adapter with one that does support NICE.
14 “Network adapter %2 is enabled via management interface.” The driver has successfully enabled a physical adapter through the management interface. Informational message only.
15 “Network adapter %2 is disabled via management interface.” The driver has successfully disabled a physical adapter through the management interface. Informational message only.
16 “Network adapter %2 is activated and is participating in network traffic.” A physical adapter has been added to or activated in a team. Informational message only.
17 “Network adapter %2 is de-activated and is no longer participating in network traffic.” The driver does not recognize the installed adapter. Informational message only.

Table 12.Intermediate Driver Event Log Messages

Printed in the USA. Dell and the DELL logo are trademarks of Dell Inc. Dell disclaims any proprietary interest in the marks and names of others.
© 2004 Dell Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction in any manner whatsoever without the written permission of Dell Inc. is strictly forbidden.

Dell 6400 Latitude

2009-02-18T19:14:00.000-08:00

have been DELL Latitude fans since i work in DELL early 2004. My first test out was DELL Latitude D600, the following DELL notebook was DELL Latitude D800 and DELL Latitude D620. You may wonder why DELL specifically Latitude

I can give you some reasons:

The price: it's not too expensive, it's slightly higher than getting a DELL Vostro or DELL Studio. Normally my machine cost is about RM4K - 6K (USD 1.3K - 1.8K)
The outlook: it's always have cool looking (I'm mention DELL Latitude series, not Inspiron or Vostro). It looks quite elegant with this price.
The performance: it perform very well, i heavyly use my notebook for programming (.NET, MSSQL, C++), debugging and etc. It still can meet my requirement. My battery can last for 4 hours without charging. This is important for me when meeting customer in cafe and etc.
The warranty services: this is what i love most but it depend on your warranty that you purchase. I've my next business day warranty service. I call it today, the next day i'll get the warranty parts and the engineer with come to change the part for you without any further questions. Remember to get your warranty service whenever you purchase your notebook. It's important.

sign
Dell has specified more concentration to the approach of the new-fangled variants and the E6400 has more personality than its precursor. The preliminary thought on picking up the E6400 is that it not presently feels rock-hard but is rock-solid. Dell has not picked for the admired cram shape and the breadth is almost unvarying. The paint finish is neither lusterless nor shiny finish but somewhere in stuck between. The display flipside has a brushed metal finish to append a little style.

Performance
Deciding on the arrangement is fraction of the fun with trading a Dell. I determined the P8600 was at the right summit of the performance-value curve. I'm not into 3D games so I favored the lower power utilization of the Intel GPU. The LED backlit WXGA+ display was a must while the backlit keyboard will most likely appear handy when I'm working somewhere where there's a power cut. The 160GB HDD was the most excellent alternative on Dell's capability/presentation/value curve (I've by now got a 320GB HDD which I'll budge over). 1GB RAM seemed the most excellent pricing choice since I could get 2GB in a different place for the cost of Dell's 1GB upgrade. I opted for the Express Card slot in view of the fact that I could, if required; get an adaptor to be capable to utilize my old PC cards. I required a

My new DELL Latitude E6400 specs:

Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Duo Processor P8400

3 Yrs Next Business Day Onsite Service

3Yr CompleteCover

Dell Wireless 370 Bluetooth(R) 2.1

Intel WiFi Link 5300 (802.11 a/g/n 3X3) MiniCard

4GB (2x2GB) 800MHz DDR2 SDRAM

250GB SATA (5400RPM) Hard Drive

Genuine Windows(R) XP Professional SP3 -Downgrade Vista Business Basic(EMRP)

14.1" Widescreen WXGA (1280x800) Display

Integrated 10/100/1000 Ethernet

High Definition Audio Codec

5-in-1 Media Card Reader

8X DVD+/-RW Drive

Mobile Intel(R) Graphics Media Accelerator X4500HD With Express Card

Power DVD Software and Media CD

56k Internal Modem

6-Cell Li-Ion Primary Battery

90W AC Adapter

Dell latitude E6400 come with a very cool notebook messenger bag. Light and slim. I bet you will love it.

Dell XPS M1530 laptop

2009-02-13T00:32:00.000-08:00

Dell XPS M1530, the laptop between 13.3"XPS M1330 business laptop and 17" XPS M1730 professional laptop is coming on November 7th 2007.According to engadget, this Dell laptop will be based on Intel Santa Rosa platform that come with Intel PM965 chipset with discrete Nvidia GeForce 8400M or 8600M GS or Intel GM965 chipset and integrated GMA X3100 and 802.11a/b/g/n wireless LAN.It will be powered by one of Intel Core 2 Duo processor from 1.5GHz (T5250) to 2.6GHz (T7800), up to 4GB of RAM and a Blu-Ray optical drive option.There is no information about the option of Core 2 Extreme CPUs like X7800 or X7900.

The good part is that you have open hand to choose a standard CCFL backlight with resolution up to 1680X1050 or LED backlighting resolution up to 1440X900-pixel.

This laptop is fabulous when the matter of Network connectivity comes. It arranges all the options of connecting wireless devices include 802.11a/b/g/n, WWAN, and Bluetooth technology. Also there is Ethernet LAN, but the availability of modem is not clear.

Dell XPS M1530 features HDMI output, a VGA output, three USB ports, a FireWire port, and a media card reader and an Express Card slot. Unfortunately, the amount of USB ports in this mainstream laptop will be one less (3 USB ports) than the typical mainstream laptops (4 USB ports).

The XPS M1530 will cater a web camera and a fingerprint reader for security.

Amazingly, engadget has said that the weight will start at 4 lbs! I have never seen any 15.4" laptop can have such a light weight.

So, the highlight features of XPS M1530 are:

- High performance with Core 2 Due T7800 (2.6GHz, 4MB L2, 800 MHz) CPU
- Discrete Nvidia GeForce 8400M or 8600M GS
- Blu-Ray optical drive
- LED backlight screen option
-802.11a/b/g/n, WWAN, and Bluetooth
- HDMI output
- amazing Lightweight

Dell Outlet sells Dell Mini 12 at reduced price

2009-02-05T17:07:00.000-08:00

Dell Mini 09 vs Dell Mini 12

Dell's anticipated Inspiron Mini 12: the little netbook with the big 12 inch screen goes on sale mid-November for $999

Is it going to be Macbook vs. Mini?
The 12 inch screen officially makes this the world’s biggest netbook, but the word ‘big’ just doesn’t seem to suit the Inspiron Mini 12. Even when you know the stats – that the profile tapers from 24mm to 21mm, and when fitted with the three cell battery the netbook weighs in at 1.24kg – you can’t appreciate its sylph-like proportions until you hold this this featherweight flybook in your hand.
The Mini 12 shares the same design DNA as the Mini 9. The rounded lid sports an identical glossy black coating (a white version will also be available) which is prone to fingerprints. Underneath the hood, the black keyboard is offset with a smooth silver palm rest and screen bezel.

Dell Inspiron Mini 12 Specs:

Dimensions: 11.8 x 9.0 x 1.1 inches
Weight: 3.2 pounds
Processor: Intel Atom Z530 clocked at 1.6 GHz
RAM: 1 GB DDR2 RAM
Hard Drive: 60 GB HDD, 4200 RPM
Display: 12 inch LCD, 1280 x 800 pixels
Integrated Graphics: Intel GMA 500, 64 MB VRAM
Wireless: Wi-Fi 802.11 a/g
Operating System: MS Windows Vista Basic SP 1
Ports: 3 USB 2.0 ports, Ethernet, VGA out, Headphone, Microphone, 3 in 1 card reader

Features
The Dell Mini's 12-inch screen runs at a native resolution of 1,280x800, and is driven by Intel's integrated GMA 500 graphics chipset. The guts of the machine consist of an Intel Atom Z520 1.33GHz processor — which is actually slower than the one on the Mini 9 — a gigabyte of RAM and an 80GB PATA drive (not solid state). It's also quite light at 1.24 kilograms.

We were impressed by the amount of connectivity options made available on the Dell, which outdo a lot of full-size notebooks at this price. On the left-hand side of the device you'll find a VGA out, two USB ports and a Kensington lock port. Switching to the other side you'll find a third USB — an excellent provision for a budget portable — Ethernet, a mic and headphone jack, and finally an SD/MMC reader.

Being a budget component, it's not designed to be user accessible — which means you can't upgrade the HDD or RAM. At least not easily.

Conclusion
If it weren't for its tendency to tip over, the Dell Inspiron Mini 12 would be a decent netbook. The device is further shackled by the inclusion of a slower Atom processor than its predecessor, and Vista Basic. Its retail price of AU$999 also puts it into the realm of full-sized laptops, which while a lot heavier will also have more features and faster processors. Unless you really need the screen real estate and the bigger hard drive we'd plump for the Mini 9 instead.

DELL MINI 10 : NETBOOK WITH HDTV , GPS AND UMTS RECEIVERS

2009-01-29T20:28:00.000-08:00

The U.S. electronics manufacturer Dell used the electronics show Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas to present their new ,always welcomed,products. Among the big number of innovations,this CES is also home to the Dell Mini 10 Netbook with integrated TV tuner for HD television and a UMTS and GPS module.

The Dell Mini 10 is the first Netbook, with an integrated TV tuner for HD-equipped television. The frameless ten inch display in 16:9 format with a resolution of 1,280 x 720 pixels,has enough pixels for the display of HD content.

Multi-touch and a keyboard to the edge

The touchpad of the Dell Mini 10 is a kind of so called "Multi-touch controls". This means that it is similar to Apple's current MacBooks gestures with more than one finger understands. The keyboard is expected for comfortable typing with ten fingers rich, because it is borderless, and uses the entire area available from the Netbooks.

In addition to the GPS receiver with which Netbook can be substituted for the navigation device, it will include a UMTS and Wi-Fi module with N-atom and a standard Intel processor with a clock speed of 1.6 gigahertz for the equipment of the Dell Mini 10 .

Acer history

2009-01-13T18:46:00.000-08:00

History of Acer ( An affordable cost for computer equipment by anyone in the world)

Multitech, founded by Stan Shih (施振榮), his wife Carolyn Yeh, and a group of five others in 1976, was renamed Acer in 1987. It began with eleven employees and US$25,000 in capital. Initially, it was primarily a distributor of electronic parts and a consultant in the use of microprocessor technologies. The global headquarters is in Hsinchu City, Taiwan. Acer purchased Texas Instruments' mobile PC (laptop) division in 1997.

In 2000, Acer spun off its manufacturing operation as Wistron Corporation, to focus itself on branding business. In deciding to support the sales of its product lines through specific marketing activities that best utilise distribution channels, Acer grew worldwide while its labour force contracted. In 2002, the pan Acer Group employed 39,000 people supporting dealers and distributors in more than 100 countries.Revenues reached US$12.9 billion that year.By 2005, Acer employed 7,800 people throughout the world while maintaining a global sales and service network. Revenues were US$4.9 billion in 2003 and US$11.31 billion in 2006. Acer's North American market share slipped over the past few years while the European market share has gone up.

In Europe, Acer mounted an association with the Ferrari Formula 1 Team. Prior to this they were associated with Prost Grand Prix in 2001 and the BAR-Honda team in 2002. Their sponsorship of Prost was intensive - buying the naming rights to the engine (which was also a Ferrari). Throughout the 2001 season the team were referred to as Prost-Acer. After Prost folded, Acer sponsored the BAR team, but in a much smaller way. Acer offer a popular line of premium laptops and LCD monitors with Ferrari branding. It has recently broadened the scope of its relationship with Ferrari by announcing it will sponsor the Formula One team until 2008. Acer has recently introduced the Ferrari line of products to North America, and rolled out a Ferrari-branded line of PDA devices.

Acer ranks as the world's No. 3 branded PC vendor behind the Hewlett Packard Company and Dell Inc, recently claiming the No.3 rank from Lenovo.It has surpassed Dell in worldwide notebook shipments, becoming the world's No. 2 branded notebook vendor.

But it has recently lost its 2nd position to Dell to become 3rd only by a small margin. Moreover Acer will put renewed efforts in its newly acquired brands to regain its place.In September 2008, Acer surpassed HP and Dell over worldwide notebook shipment.
On August 27, 2007, Acer announced plans to acquire U.S. based rival Gateway Inc. for US$710 million. J.T. Wang, the company's chairman, said in a statement that the acquisition "completes Acer's global footprint, by strengthening our U.S. presence."In January 2008, Acer announced that it had acquired a controlling interest of 75% of Packard Bell.

LG Electronics India has launched the R200, a notebook PC with a 2.5 inch auxiliary LCD display on the top.

2009-01-06T18:56:00.001-08:00

Features of LG R200

Targeted at the high-end home segment the R200 sports a functional innovation called Sideshow, which provides the convenience of enjoying slideshows, listening to music, and accessing Windows mail, using the Auxiliary Display on the top without actually booting the system. It has a piano black design with red touch sensitive buttons on glossy black background and features DirectX 10.

The R200 sports a 12″ widescreen and is equipped with Intel Core2 Duo processor, 1 GB RAM and 160 GB HDD. It has the latest dedicated graphics of ATI Mobility Radeon HD2400 and the latest built-in Bluetooth/Intel Wireless (802.11 abg).

R. Manikandan, Business Group Head, IT Division, said, “We strive to create new and innovative products that allow people to give the customer delight. We at LG believe that R200 model laptop will revolutionize the way people perceive technology.”

The R200 is available for Rs. 79,990

Lenovo A unique Products from China

2009-01-05T21:12:00.000-08:00

Ownership
As of October 31, 2008, 50.4% of Lenovo is owned by public shareholders, 42.3% by Legend Holdings Limited, 6.6% by Texas Pacific Group (TPG Capital), General Atlantic LLC and Newbridge Capital LLC and 0.7% by the directors. Because the Chinese Academy of Sciences, a Chinese government agency, owns 65% of Legend Holdings, effectively the Chinese government owns about 27% of Lenovo and is the largest shareholder.IBM became the owner of 18.9% of Lenovo in 2005 as part of Lenovo's acquisition of the IBM personal computing division. Since then IBM has steadily lowered its shareholding in Lenovo. In July 2008 the IBM shareholding went below the 5% reporting disclosure threshold.

Name

"Lenovo" is a portmanteau of "Le-" (from Legend) and "novo", pseudo-Latin for "new". The Chinese name (simplified Chinese: 联想; traditional Chinese: 聯想; pinyin: liánxiǎng) means "association" or "connected thinking" but can also imply creativity. The name was changed from Legend because it conflicted with other trademarks registered in the West.

Dell e6400 US $ 2000.00

2009-01-04T18:23:00.000-08:00

Dell e6400

Dell_e6400, Dell has been made a wonderful product again. because It is carryable and battery life.Dell e6400 is worth for business works Dell announced a lot of new business notebooks and what got everyone’s attention was the ability to add battery options that will provide a whopping 19 hours of battery life. Next is Size 14.1-inch.It is also very small also you can enjoy with movies or computer games.Also it is not too much Just US$ 2000.00

Dell pointed out in our comments that the 19 hours of battery life is in reference to the 14.1-inch e6400 that they debuted yesterday. This is a sweet business laptop that is thin and very well designed. As Dell pointed out to get 19 hours of battery life you would use the 9-cell extended primary battery coupled with the extra slice battery that snaps onto the bottom of the e6400 (I assume). Here’s the specs for the 3 pieces you need to get that battery life (from Dell documentation):

e6400 notebook- 4.3 lbs (1.95 kg)
9-cell primary battery- 1.12 lbs (0.51 kg)
12-cell slice battery- 1.87 lbs (0.85 kg) (14.48 mm thick, 0.57 in thick)
Total weight- 7.29 lbs (3.31 kg)

HP a Handsome Product

2009-01-01T18:37:00.000-08:00

The Hewlett-Packard Company (NYSE: HPQ), commonly referred to as HP, is a technology corporation headquartered in Palo Alto, California, United States. HP is the largest technology company in the world and operates in nearly every country. HP specializes in developing and manufacturing computing, storage, and networking hardware, software and services. Major product lines include personal computing devices, enterprise servers, related storage devices, as well as a diverse range of printers and other imaging products. Other product lines, including electronic test equipment and systems, medical electronic equipment, solid state components and instrumentation for chemical analysis were spun off as Agilent Technologies in 1999.

Old logo of HP

HP markets its products to households, small to medium size businesses and enterprises both directly, via online distribution, consumer-electronics and office-supply retailers, software partners and major technology vendors.HP posted US $91.7 billion in annual revenue in 2006[3] compared to US$91.4 billion for IBM, making it the world's largest technology vendor in terms of sales. In 2007 the revenue was $104 billion, making HP the first IT company in history to report revenues exceeding $100 billion.HP is the largest worldwide seller of personal computers, surpassing rival Dell, according to market research firms Gartner and IDC reported in January 2008;[6] the gap between HP and Dell widened substantially at the end of 2007, with HP taking a near 3.9% market share lead. HP is also the 5th largest software company in the world.

Apple a World Innovation Company

2008-12-30T17:15:00.000-08:00

(Click over photo to expand)

Apple Inc., (NASDAQ: AAPL) formerly Apple Computer, Inc., is an American multinational corporation which designs and manufactures consumer electronics and software products. The company's best-known hardware products include Macintosh computers, iPod portable media players, and the iPhone. Apple software includes the Mac OS X operating system, the iTunes media browser, the iLife suite of multimedia and creativity software, and Final Cut Studio, a suite of professional audio- and film-industry software products. The company operates more than 250 retail stores in nine countries and an online store where hardware and software products are sold.

Established in Cupertino, California on April 1, 1976 and incorporated January 3, 1977,the company was called "Apple Computer, Inc." for its first 30 years, but dropped the word "Computer" on January 9, 2007 to reflect the company's ongoing expansion into the consumer electronics market in addition to its traditional focus on personal computers.Apple has about 32,000 employees worldwide and had worldwide annual sales of US$32.48 billion in its fiscal year ending September 29, 2008.For reasons as various as its philosophy of comprehensive aesthetic design to its distinctive advertising campaigns, Apple has established a unique reputation in the consumer electronics industry. This includes a customer base that is devoted to the company and its brand, particularly in the United StatesIn 2008, Fortune magazine named Apple the most admired company in the United States.

History of Apple
Before Steve Wozniak co-founded Apple, he was an electronics hacker. Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak were known as outcasts while they were in high school. As a kid Stephen Wozniak would become so engrossed in mathematical ponderings his mother would have to shake him to bring him back to reality. By 1975, he was working at Hewlett-Packard and helping his friend Steve Jobs design video games for Atari. Wozniak had been buying computer time on a variety of minicomputers hosted by Call Computer, a time-sharing firm run by Alex Kamradt. The computer terminals available at that time were primarily paper-based; thermal printers like the Texas Instruments Silent 700 were state of the art. Wozniak had seen a 1975 issue of Popular Electronics magazine on how to build your own computer terminal. Using off-the-shelf parts, Wozniak designed the Computer Conversor, a 24-line by 40-column, uppercase-only video teletype that he could use to log on to the minicomputers at Call Computer. Alex Kamradt commissioned the design and sold a small number of them through his firm.

Aside from their interest in up-to-date technology, the impetus for "the two Steves" seems to have had another source. In his essay From Satori to Silicon Valley (published 1986), cultural historian Theodore Roszak made the point that the Apple Computer emerged from within the West Coast counterculture and the need to produce print-outs, letter labels, and databases. Roszak offers a bit of background on the development of the two Steves’ prototype models.

2008-12-28T13:28:00.000-08:00

Sony a Quality Leader of Electronic Production

Sony a Japanese company

Sony Corporationis a multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, Japan, and one of the world's largest media conglomerates with revenue exceeding US$88.7 billion (as of 2008).Sony is one of the leading manufacturers of electronics, video, communications, video game consoles, and information technology products for the consumer and professional markets. Its name is derived from Sonus, the Greek goddess of sound.

Sony Corporation is the electronics business unit and the parent company of the Sony Group, which is engaged in business through its five operating segments electronics, games, entertainment, financial services and other. These make Sony one of the most comprehensive entertainment companies in the world. Sony's principal business operations include Sony Corporation , Sony Pictures Entertainment, Sony Computer Entertainment, Sony BMG, Sony Ericsson, and Sony Financial Holdings. As a semiconductor maker, Sony is among the Worldwide Top 20 Semiconductor Sales Leaders. The company's slogan is Sony. Like no other.

In 1945, after World War II, Masaru Ibuka started a radio repair shop in a bombed out building in Tokyo. The next year, he was joined by his colleague Akio Morita and they founded a company called Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo K.K.,which translates in English to Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation. The company built Japan's first tape recorder called the Type-G.

In the early 1950s, Ibuka traveled in the United States and heard about Bell Labs' invention of the transistor.He convinced Bell to license the transistor technology to his Japanese company. While most American companies were researching the transistor for its military applications, Ibuka looked to apply it to communications. Although the American companies Regency and Texas Instruments built the first transistor radios, it was Ibuka's company that made them commercially successful for the first time.

Origin of name

When Kogyo was looking for a romanized name to use to market themselves, they strongly considered using their initials, TTK. The primary reason they did not is that the railway company Tokyo Kyuko was known as TKK.The company occasionally used the acronym "Totsuko" in Japan, but during his visit to the United States, Morita discovered that Americans had trouble pronouncing that name. Another early name that was tried out for a while was "Tokyo Teletech" until Morita discovered that there was an American company already using Teletech as a brand name.
The name "Sony" was chosen for the brand as a mix of two words. One was the Latin word sonus which is the root of "sonic" and "sound" and the other was "sonny", a familiar term used in 1950s America to call a boy.Morita pushed for a word that does not exist in any language so that they could claim the word "Sony" as their own (which paid off when they successfully sued a candy producer using the name, who claimed that "Sony" was an existing word in some language).

At the time of the change, it was extremely unusual for a Japanese company to use Roman letters instead of kanji to spell its name. The move was not without opposition: TTK's principal bank at the time, Mitsui, had strong feelings about the name. They pushed for a name such as Sony Electronic Industries, or Sony Teletech. Akio Morita was firm, however, as he did not want the company name tied to any particular industry. Eventually, both Ibuka and Mitsui Bank's chairman gave their approval.

Background and origins of DELL

2008-12-27T02:35:00.000-08:00

Background and origins

While a student at the University of Texas at Austin in 1984, Michael Dell founded the company as PC's Limited with capital of $1000.[5] Operating from Michael Dell's off-campus dorm-room at Dobie Center [1], the startup aimed to sell IBM PC-compatible computers built from stock components. Michael Dell started trading in the belief that by selling personal computer-systems directly to customers, PC's Limited could better understand customers' needs and provide the most effective computing solutions to meet those needs.[citation needed] Michael Dell dropped out of school in order to focus full-time on his fledgling business, after getting about $300,000 in expansion-capital from his family.

In 1985, the company produced the first computer of its own design — the "Turbo PC", sold for US$795[6] — which contained an Intel 8088-compatible processor running at a speed of 8 MHz. PC's Limited advertised the systems in national computer-magazines for sale directly to consumers, and custom-assembled each ordered unit according to a selection of options. This offered buyers prices lower than those of retail brands, but with greater convenience than assembling the components themselves. Although not the first company to use this model, PC's Limited became one of the first to succeed with it. The company grossed more than $73 million in its first year of trading.

The company changed its name to "Dell Computer Corporation" in 1988. In 1989, Dell Computer set up its first on-site-service programs in order to compensate for the lack of local retailers prepared to act as service centers. Also in 1987, the company set up its first operations in the United Kingdom; eleven more international operations followed within the next four years. In June 1988, Dell's market capitalization grew by $30 million to $80 million from its June 22 initial public offering of 3.5 million shares at $8.50 a share[7]. In 1990, Dell Computer Corporation tried selling its products indirectly through warehouse clubs and computer superstores, but met with little success, and the company re-focused on its more successful direct-to-consumer sales model. In 1992, Fortune magazine included Dell Computer Corporation in its list of the world's 500 largest companies.

In 1996, Dell began selling computers via its web site.

XPS M1730

2008-12-25T14:50:00.000-08:00

It is a latest release of Dell inc.It has more graphic and very fast.whoever searching a laptop for gaming can buy.

XPS M1730

Mobile Gaming Supremacy

Decimate the competition with the monstrous power of Dell's XPST M1730, a mobile gaming powerhouse which pushes the boundaries of performance with cutting-edge technologies. Featuring:

Intel Core 2 Duo Extreme Edition X7800, capable of overclocking to 3.2GHz

Genuine Windows Vista^® Business
Genuine Windows Vista^® Home Premium
Genuine Windows Vista^® Ultimate

AGEIA PhysX - the M1730 is the world's first and only notebook to offer a physics processing unit, for jaw-dropping graphics

Up to 4GB of DDR2 memory - for blazing speed

RAID support - for faster access speeds

Sneha

2008-12-25T00:28:00.000-08:00

Which is best Brand in Laptop

2008-12-23T23:56:00.000-08:00

There are some most popular Laptop brands in market. Even though some laptop brands are really expecting customer needs and want in other hand Some Laptop companies are moving toward money. I want examine everyone.

Dell

A old brand who make computers and laptop from early days. We could see some oldest Dell products in our household.
We can repair. Durable latest technology and facilities.

Sony

An old brand from Japan, but most realiable.but once got repair can't repair also very expensive.

HP

Cheap, little bit heavy ,best design,

Apple

Very expensive, built in operating system. Can’t repair

Acer

very cheap, unbeliable

How to buy a Laptop or PC

2008-12-22T18:14:00.000-08:00

Life and computer

Really buying a computer is a very important matter because without computer we can't live the life. Even though we don't have much money to buy a high price computer. Some time our friends and relations may insult you because you don't have a rich Laptop.

Computer power

But buying computer is depending on your purpose, If you want to do just office work and internet you can buy a normal Laptop or PC. If you want to use special purpose such as multimedia working or something you have to buy special computers.

Warranty

Big consideration is here warranty and duration. Some of the Companies are producing. Long warranty Laptops and PCs.

Really these are useless. Because now a days technology is changing second to seconds best products and technologies

are coming late. Whatever latest and best are included on latest products.

Duration

So when you buy a electronic equipment buy a one year warranty product. Because next year you can buy a latest and cheap pr . It is efficient and effectiveness.

Storages devices

Actually no need too much storage devices to as a personal usage. Because hard disk and more storage devices may get virus and may give problem. We can buy cheaper DVD, CD or something to back up.

A Sony Best Product

2008-12-21T18:26:00.000-08:00

hi friends this is a sony product really it is out of stock because it is a worth laptop in world.
Order now for you.you can use it for long time.because all the times sony expecting a good comment from people.
In some products sony lost it's profit.because some products are strong than gurantee.

Model Number: VGN-CR590EBL
VAIO® CR Series Notebook PC
Intel® Core™ 2 Duo Processor T8300 (2.40 GHz, 3MB L2 Cache)
Genuine Windows Vista® Home Premium

Features: 14.1" LCD XBRITE-ECO™ display, 3GB RAM, 320GB hard drive, 802.11a/b/g/n wireless LAN, Bluetooth®, built-in camera & microphone, Glossy Indigo Blue finish

Dell's latest E 6400 a new laptop

2008-12-21T03:50:00.000-08:00

This is a latest lap top ,produced by Dell Inc.Really We recommend this lap top because long battery life and wireless activity.

Achieve up to 192 hours of battery life on the E6400 with the combination of our standard 9-cell battery, new high-capacity battery slice, and exclusive Dell ControlPoint™ software. Stay connected with anytime, anywhere wireless connectivity with support for current and emerging wireless technologies (Wi-Fi, High Performance Wireless-N, mobile broadband, Bluetooth® 2.1).

What is Core 2 Duo?.

2008-12-18T21:06:00.000-08:00

The Core 2 brand refers to a range of Intel's consumer 64-bit dual-core and 2x2 MCM (Multi-Chip Module) quad-core CPUs with the x86-64 instruction set, based on the Intel Core microarchitecture, derived from the 32-bit dual-core Yonah laptop processor. (Note: The Yonah's silicon chip or die comprised two interconnected cores, each similar to those branded Pentium M). The 2x2 MCM dual-die quad-core[1] CPU had two separate dual-core dies (CPUs)—next to each other—in one quad-core MCM package. The Core 2 relegated the Pentium brand to a mid-end market, and reunified laptop and desktop CPU lines, which previously had been divided into the Pentium 4, D, and M brand

What is Plasma display?.

2008-12-18T07:12:00.000-08:00

A display in which sets of parallel conductors at right angles to each other are deposited on glass plates, with the very small space between the plates filled with a gas; each intersection of two conductors defines a single cell that can be energized to produce a gas discharge forming one element of a dot-matrix display.

What is Hardware?

2008-12-18T04:51:00.000-08:00

Your PC (Personal Computer) is a system, consisting of many components. Some of those components, like Windows XP, and all your other programs, are software. The stuff you can actually see and touch, and would likely break if you threw it out a fifth-story window, is hardware.

Not everybody has exactly the same hardware. But those of you who have a desktop system, like the example shown in Figure 1, probably have most of the components shown in that same figure. Those of you with notebook computers probably have most of the same components. Only in your case the components are all integrated into a single book-sized portable unit.

The system unit is the actual computer; everything else is called a peripheral device. Your computer's system unit probably has at least one floppy disk drive, and one CD or DVD drive, into which you can insert floppy disks and CDs. There's another disk drive, called the hard disk inside the system unit, as shown in Figure 2. You can't remove that disk, or even see it. But it's there. And everything that's currently "in your computer" is actually stored on that hard disk. (We know this because there is no place else inside the computer where you can store information!).